<p>The Louisville Metro Hall is the center of Louisville, Kentuckys government. It currently houses the Mayors Office and the Jefferson County Clerk&#39;s Office for marriage licensing, delinquent tax filings, and the deeds room. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Construction began in 1837, and both the City of Louisville and Jefferson County governments starting using it in 1842.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The architect, Gideon Shryock, had intended for the courthouse to have a six-column Doric portico, a cupola, and additional porticos on the wings. The building would be completed by metopes and plain friezes as a full entablature, and engaged pilasters regularly sequenced. Shryock resigned from the project in 1842. It was finally completed in 1860, with Albert Fink, a bridge engineer, and Charles Stancliff in charge. Fink reduced the number of columns for the Doric portico, and did not build the additional porticos and cupola. The Louisville Daily Journal said it was a "elephantine monstrosity".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the courthouse began in 1837, and both the City of Louisville and Jefferson County governments starting using it in 1842. Slave-trading was held by the courthouse in the 1840s, as were speeches calling for the abolition of slavery. When the courthouse was originally built, it was hoped that it would be the Statehouse for Kentucky. This hope was the goal of James Guthrie, but due to the capital staying in Frankfort, it became known as "Guthrie&#39;s folly". It did see some state government use during the American Civil War, when it briefly housed the Kentucky State Legislature when Frankfort was acquired by Confederate forces.</p><br>
<p>After a fire in 1905, the building was renovated by Brinton Davis. When he visited Louisville in 1948, Frank Lloyd Wright referred specifically to the Courthouse when he said, "Louisville&#39;s architecture represents the quality of the old South; we should not build this type of building anymore but we should keep those we have left." This was after efforts in the 1940s to demolish it for urban renewal.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Improvements to the building includes placing a statue of Henry Clay, designed by Joel T. Hart, on the main floors, and extensive renovations in the 1980s. The Jefferson County Courthouse Annex at 517 Court Pl. was listed on the National Register in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Louisville Metro Hall, was formerly named the Jefferson County Courthouse or Louisville Courthouse. Since the merger of the former City of Louisville with Jefferson County, the building was renamed Louisville Metro Hall and now primarily houses the offices of the Mayor of Louisville Metro. In addition, the offices of the Jefferson County Clerk, the Kentucky Court of Appeals and the Kentucky Supreme Court Justice for the Louisville district are located in this building.</p><br>
<h2>Statues</h2><br>
<p>There are two prominently-sited statues outside the Courthouse. In front of the building is a statue of Thomas Jefferson by Moses Jacob Ezekiel, given to the city in 1901.</p><br>
<p>The second, on the corner of Sixth and Jefferson, across from the Louisville City Hall, is a statue of King Louis XVI, that was presented as a gift to Louisville from Louisvilles sister city, Montpellier, France, on July 17, 1967. At the presentation, a crowd of 300 dignitaries, both French and American, saw Montpelliers Mayor François Delmas officially present it to Louisville Mayor Kenneth Schmied. It was sculpted in 1829 by Achille-Joseph Valois for the kings surviving daughter, Marie-Thérèse, queen dowager of France, and made its public debut in Montpellier. However, the Second French Revolution soon took place, endangering the statue. It was then placed at a military base to protect it, and then was placed in Montpellier University, and then finally in the municipal archives storage basement. In 1899 the statue was found to have an arm damaged, and to be in disrepair. It stayed in storage until it was decided in 1966 to give the statue to Louisville, making a seven-month journey between Montpellier and Louisville. The Carrara marble statue weighs nine tons, and is 12 ft high.</p><br>
<p>File:Louis XVI statue JCC.jpgAnother view of King Louis XVI statue</p><br>
<p>File:Louis XVI JCC pedestal.jpgPedestal of Louis XVI statue</p><br>
<p>File:Thomas Jefferson JCC statue.jpgThomas Jefferson statue</p><br>
<p>The Isola Sacra Necropolis was the first large-scale pagan cemetery of Roman Imperial times to be excavated. The excavator-in-chief of most of Isola Sacra was Guido Calza. The necropolis was found on the manmade island of Isola Sacra, which lies between the cities of Portus and Ostia Antica, a region just south of Rome. The emperor Trajan was in power when this artificial island was created. Much of the excavated necropolis flanked the Via Severiana, which ran through Isola Sacra and traveled southeast from Ostica to Terracina.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was extensive, and was comparable to Etruscan cemeteries and Christian catacombs. Although some tombs were constructed for the very poor, the majority of burials were built by the middle class bourgeoisie of the area. Since the burial grounds were constructed during the 2nd century and first half of the 3rd century, a historical transition is seen in the necropolis from the pagan practice of cremation to inhumation.</p><br>
<h2>Importance of Necropolis to Imperial Art</h2><br>
<p>The necropolis also provides insight into the history of Roman Imperial Art, as paintings, mosaics, and sculptures come from 3 different imperial reigns: Hadrian, the Antonines, and the Severan Dynasty.</p><br>
<p>The discovered tombs at Isola Sacra provide useful information regarding the study of bourgeois taste in painted walls. Besides paintings, there were numerous sculptures found at the Necropolis, varying in artistic merit and content. Exquisite sarcophagi exist, including one of a child with revelling putti, or a winged babies, and one of the Archigallus, or head priest, of the island. In contrast, simple terra cotta, or ceramic, reliefs have been painted on tombs to show the professions of the deceased. Non-sepulchral sculptures found in the tombs could have been family heirlooms that were hidden in the burial grounds during a time of barbarian attack.</p><br>
<h2>Graeco-Oriental Influence</h2><br>
<p>A great number of the inscriptions on the tombs suggest Graeco-Oriental origin. Scholars believe this is because Portus and Ostica were a cosmopolitan towns where the bourgeois population was full of businessmen of non-Italian birth. Latin, however, was the language that most townspeople used during the time that the necropolis was built. Nonetheless, the presence of Graeco-Oriental inscriptions, along with Isola Sacra tombs that resembled Hellenistic tombs of Petra, suggests Roman naturalization of foreign influence, which was prominent in the Empire.</p><br>
<p>Mount Coe is a mountain located in Piscataquis County, Maine, within Baxter State Park, about 5.5 mi northwest of Mount Katahdin. Mt. Coe is flanked to the northeast by South Brother, and to the southwest by Mount O-J-I. The Mount Coe trail starts at Slide Dam on Newsowdnehunk Stream east bank at around 1,190 ft. The trail goes up to the east for about 1.2 mi and then goes right  along the drainage from the Mt. Coe slide bending to the east and then northeast. The last 0.5 mi is up the slide featured on the left margin of the photo where the trail gains around 800 ft.</p><br>
<p>Mount Coe, ranked 22nd in height among Maine peaks, stands within the watershed of the Penobscot River, which drains into Penobscot Bay. The east side of Mt. Coe drains into a swampy area called "The Klondike", then into Wassataquoik Stream, and the East Branch of the Penobscot River. The northwest and southwest sides of Mt. Coe drain into Nesowdnehunk Stream, then into the West Branch of the Penobscot River.</p><br>
<p>The Pastra  is a mountain in West Attica, Greece, near the border with Boeotia. It is the eastern extension of the Cithaeron mountain range. Its highest peak, named Petrogeraki , is 1016 m high. The nearby peak Kourtiza  is 1015 m high. Its morphology is defined by steep slopes and four deep gorges on the northeast side. Its flora consists of brushwood, holm oaks, pine trees, and arbutus. Its fauna includes hares, foxes, blackbirds, and partridges.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Pastra is situated in the northern part of West Attica and the southeastern part of Boeotia. It is south of the Asopos valley, west of the Parnitha mountains, and east of the Cithaeron mountains. Places around the Patra mountains are, from the north and clockwise, Dafni, Pyli, Oinoi and Erythres. The Greek National Road 3 (Eleusis - Thebes) passes west of the mountains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A number of municipalities and settlements were located around Pastra in antiquity including Oenoe (Οινόη), Eleutherae (Ἐλευθεραί), Erythrae (Ἐρυθραί), and Hysiae (Ὑσιαί). A number of fortifications on the mountain&#39;s passages from 400 BC survive to this age. The ancient boundary between Attica, Megaris and Boeotia lay on the top of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>On December 20, 1997 a Hellenic Air Force airplane C-130H 750, c.n. 4729, crashed into Pastra during the landing approach to Tanagra air base.</p><br>
<h2>Religious buildings</h2><br>
<p>On Pastra one can find the monastery of Profitis Ilias (Προφήτης Ηλίας) and the chapels Αgios Dimitrios (Άγιος Δημήτριος), Αgios Athanasios, (Άγιος Αθανάσιος), Agia Marina (Αγία Μαρίνα), Agia Triada (Αγία Τριάδα), and Agios Georgios (Άγιος Γεώργιος).</p><br>
<p>The Lloyds Bank is an historic building situated at 53 & 55 Corn Street in Bristol, England.</p><br>
<p>Originally the West of England and South Wales Bank built by Bristol architects William Bruce Gingell (1819–1899) and T.R. Lysaght in 1854. Gingell was one of the most progressive Bristol architects of the latter part of the nineteenth century. He went on to design the General Hospital. Gingell is said to have used St Mark’s library in Venice as a starting point for this building. Spend a few moments viewing the sumptuous friezes by John Thomas (1813–1862). John Thomas had been responsible for overseeing the carving on Charles Barry’s new Houses of Parliament. On the ground floor the crests of Newport, Bath, Bristol, Exeter, and Cardiff are shown – the main towns from where the bank operated. On the first floor the ‘elements and sources of wealth’ are symbolised by life-size figures. They include: justice and integrity; education and charity; peace and plenty; art and science; commerce, navigation and commerce. And above this chubby cherubs depict the activities of the bank: receiving, paying, storing, coining money, engraving and printing, and trading with Africa and America.</p><br>
<p>The adornment was intended to emphasize the wealth, and therefore financial stability, of the bank. It didn’t stop the bank going bust, however, twenty years later in 1878.</p><br>
<p>The opulent interior features Corinthian columns.</p><br>
<p>It is a grade II* listed building and now houses a branch of the Lloyds Bank.</p><br>
<p>The Lido, Bristol is an historic lido situated in Oakfield Place in the Whiteladies Road area of Clifton, Bristol, England. Originally opened in approximately 1850, the pool eventually fell into disrepair and was closed in 1990. Despite being considered for demolition, the building was given Grade II* listed building status in 1998. It was purchased by the Bristol Glass Boat Company who restored the pool, for its reopening in November 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lido was originally built in 1849 and opened on 29 July 1850 under the name Clifton Lido. The building frontage is in a classical style, originally housing the medicinal baths, offices and the boiler room. Behind the main building is a rectangular 250 m&sup2; swimming pool., with the entire site covering a total of 885 m&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The central doorway is in an Egyptian style, with an additional doorway added in 1867 for The Victoria public house, which occupies part of the site. The pool has galleries on two sides, built in cast iron over two floors. On the third side there is a row of cubicles, canopied and with wooden panelled fronts. The pool itself is heated, the oldest surviving heated pool in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Closure and restoration</h2><br>
<p>The pool had fallen into significant disrepair by 1990 when it was closed to the public, and was considered for demolition. However, the Lido and accompanying public house were designated Grade II* listed building status on 12 June 1998</p><br>
<p>In 2005 it was acquired by the Bristol Glass Boat Company, who restored the pool with the addition of substantial spa facilities with saunas and other treatment rooms and built a restaurant and café. It reopened in November 2008 as The Lido, Bristol. The pool is kept at 24 °C, and the building offers spa treatments and massages. Priority is given to members, meaning day visitors are turned away at busy times.</p><br>
<p>Sparta  is a town and municipality in Laconia, Greece. It lies at the site of ancient Sparta. The municipality was merged with six nearby municipalities in 2011, for a total population  of 35,259, of whom 17,408 lived in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in the 13th century, the political and cultural center of Laconia shifted to Mystras, some 4 km to the west.</p><br>
<p>The settlement at ancient Sparta, named Lacedaemonia, continued to exist, although greatly depopulated. Until modern times, it was occupied by a town of a few thousand people who lived among the ruins, in the shadow of Mystras. The Palaiologos family (the last Byzantine Greek imperial dynasty) also lived in Mystras. The Despotate of the Morea was captured by the Ottomans under Mehmed II in 1460.</p><br>
<p>In 1834, after the Greek War of Independence, King Otto of Greece decreed the town should be expanded into a city.</p><br>
<p>Modern day Sparta, capital of the prefecture of Lakonia, lies on the eastern foothills of Mount Taygetos in the Evrotas River valley. The city has been built upon the site of ancient Sparta. To the southwest stands Mt. Taygetos. To the east of the city stands the Parnonas mountain range, which is forested predominantly with Greek fir trees and other pines.</p><br>
<p>Modern Sparta&#39;s origins date back to October 20, 1834, when King Otto issued a decree on the construction of the new city. Bavarian city planners, headed by Fr. Stauffert, designed a city of 100,000 inhabitants based on the neo-classical architectural model.</p><br>
<p>Today Sparta maintains its good design, boasting large squares and wide streets lined with trees, while many of the older buildings remain in excellent condition. The city of Sparta is the economic, administrative and cultural center of Lakonia. A key factor in the advancement of the city’s development is the operation of two departments of the University of Peloponnese and a department of the Technological Educational Institute.</p><br>
<p>The centrally located main square is dominated by the most imposing neo-classical building in Sparta, the City Hall. Built in 1909, City Hall bears the signature of the Greek architect, G. Katsaros. During the monarchy (which was abolished by referendum in 1973), the title of Duke of Sparta was used for the Greek crown prince, the διάδοχος (diádokhos).</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality of Sparta was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following seven former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Faris</p><br>
<p>Karyes</p><br>
<p>Mystras</p><br>
<p>Oinountas</p><br>
<p>Pellana</p><br>
<p>Sparta</p><br>
<p>Therapnes</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 1,181.780 km, the municipal unit 84.453 km.</p><br>
<h3>Politics</h3><br>
<p>Sparta is the most conservative city in Greece. It has never had a left-wing mayor and it was one of the few cities that voted in 1974 to retain the monarchy. Laconia was the region with the highest proportion of "yes" votes (which was supported by the conservative party) in the 2015 bailout referendum.</p><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The city of Sparta enjoys a sunny and warm Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa). Winters are mild and cool, while summers tend to be particularly hot. January mean maximum temperatures are around 14 &deg;C or 15 &deg;C while July and August mean maximum temperatures are around 36 &deg;C in the city proper. Sparta is notorious for its scorching summer heat; during July 2012 the city registered an average maximum temperature of 38.3 &deg;C, making it Greece&#39;s highest monthly average maximum temperature to date.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<h3>Main sites</h3><br>
<p>In the center of the city is the Archaeological Museum. Built by architect G. Katsaros,</p><br>
<p>in 1874&ndash;76 to house the collection of local archaeological finds by Panagiotis Stamatakis, it was the first Greek museum in a provincial city.</p><br>
<p>The city&#39;s cathedral is at the southwest end.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of ancient Sparta lie north of the city. Entering by the South Gate of the Acropolis, known as Lakedaemonia, there is the Rotunda, the Theatre and the Temple of Athena Chalkioikos to the West. Exiting the Acropolis by the North Gate there are the remains of the earliest ancient walls, the Heroon and the Altar of Lycourgos, whereas to the East there is the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia. To the North is the Monastic Church of Osios Nikonas (10th century).</p><br>
<p>The "Tomb of Leonidas", or Leonidaion (37.0767&deg;N latitude, 22.4254&deg;E longitude), is a limestone structure of the late 5th century BC, likely a temple, but named for Leonidas I in the 19th century, being the only ancient monument indicated within the limits of the newly-planned town in 1834.</p><br>
<h3>Museums</h3><br>
<p>Archaeological Museum of Sparta</p><br>
<p>The Museum of the Olive and Greek Olive Oil in the South West end highlights the culture of the olive and the technology of olive production, 129 Othonos–Amalias Street</p><br>
<p>Archaeological Museum of Mystras - Founded by Gabriel Lilianthal in the late 19th century</p><br>
<p>The Manousakeio Museum of urban and folk life</p><br>
<p>Koumantareios Art Gallery of Sparta</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>The Spartathlon has taken place every September since 1983. It is an ultramarathon starting in Athens and finishing in Sparta at the statue of Leonidas, with many international participants.</p><br>
<p>The local football club is Sparta F.C.</p><br>
<h2>Twin towns</h2><br>
<p>Sparta is twinned with:</p><br>
<p>Quidi Vidi Lake is a 1,600 m long body of water located at the east end of the city of St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada. The lake has a long history of hosting sporting events, including the annual Royal St. Johns Regatta, said to be the oldest continuous sporting event still held in North America. The former Pepperrell Air Force Base  was located on the north shore of this lake and Virginia Waters, a stream which meandered through the air base, flows into Quidi Vidi Lake. The South shore of the Lake has a number of residential and apartment complexes. A number of cultural events are held at Lakeside.</p><br>
<p>Quidi Vidi Lake has a 3.8 km leg of St. John&#39;s Grand Concourse walking trail surrounding it. On the north end of the walking trail is a fenced-in outdoor dog park and a Modern Skate park.</p><br>
<p>The Louisville Water Tower, located east of downtown Louisville, Kentucky near the riverfront, is the oldest ornamental water tower in the world, having been built before the more famous Chicago Water Tower. Both the actual water tower and its pumping station are on the National Register of Historic Places. As with the Fairmount Water Works of Philadelphia , the industrial nature of its pumping station was disguised in the form of a Greek temple complex.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the Louisville WaterWorks Museum opened on the premises.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Unknown to residents at the time, the lack of a safe water supply presented a significant health risk to the city. After the arrival of the second cholera pandemic in the United States (1832), Louisville in the 1830s and 40s gained the nickname "graveyard of the west", due to the polluted local water giving Louisville residents cholera and typhoid at epidemic levels. This was because residents used the water of tainted private wells, but the linkage was not discovered until 1854 by the English physician John Snow, and not accepted as fact until decades later. Due to the water project&#39;s completion in 1866, Louisville was free of cholera during the epidemic of 1873.</p><br>
<p>After several devastating fires in the 1850s, Louisvillians were convinced of the importance of the project. The decision was made by the Kentucky Legislature to form the Louisville Water Company on March 6, 1854. Private investors showed little interest and so after only 55 shares had been sold and the failure of a first attempt to secure voter approval to buy shares, the project was widely promoted. In 1856 voters approved purchase of 5500 shares in 1856, and another 2200 shares in 1859, transforming it into an almost completely government-owned corporation.</p><br>
<p>The inspiration for the architecture of Louisvilles Water Tower came from the French architect Claude Nicolas Ledoux, who merged "architectural beauty with industrial efficiency". It was decided to render the water station an ornament to the city, to make skeptical Louisvillians more accepting of a water company. Theodore Scowden and his assistant Charles Hermany were the architects of the structures. They chose an area just outside town, on a hill overlooking the Ohio River, which provided excellent elevation. The location also meant that coal boats could easily deliver the coal necessary to operate the station. The main column, of the Doric order, rises 183 ft out of a Corinthian portico surrounding its base. The portico is surmounted by a wooden balustrade with ten pedestals also constructed of wood, originally supporting painted cast-zinc statues from J. W. Fiske & Company, ornamental cast-iron manufacturers of New York, which depicted Greco-Roman deities, the four seasons, and an Indian hunter with his dog. Even the reservoirs gatehouse on the riverfront invoked the castles along the Rhine.</p><br>
<p>The water tower began operations on October 16, 1860. The tower was not just pretty; it was effective. In 24 hours the station could produce 12 million US gallons (45,000 m³) of water. This water, in turn, flowed through 26 miles (42 km) of pipe.</p><br>
<p>A tornado on March 27, 1890 irreparably changed the Water Tower. The original water tower had an iron pipe protected by a wood-paneled shaft, but after the tornado destroyed it, it was replaced with cast iron. The tornado also destroyed all but two of the ten statues that were on the pedestals. Shortly thereafter, a new pumping station and reservoirs were built in Crescent Hill, and the original water tower ceased pumping operations in 1909. The pumping station was renovated in 2010.</p><br>
<p>In January 2013, extensive renovations of the water tower property, including the addition of the Louisville WaterWorks Museum, began, and the museum opened on March 1, 2014.</p><br>
<p>File:Louisville Water Tower.jpgView of the tower from Duffy&#39;s Landing in Jeffersonville, Indiana</p><br>
<p>File:LWT Inscription.jpgInscription upon the tower</p><br>
<p>File:LWT Statues.jpgVarious statues depicting Greco-Roman gods</p><br>
<p>File:LWT Indian.jpgThe Native American with his dog statue</p><br>
<p>File:LWT Distant.jpgA view from Zorn Avenue of the Tower</p><br>
<p>East Kennebago Mountain is a trailless mountain located in Franklin County, Maine.</p><br>
<p>East Kennebago Mtn. is a monadnock, flanked by its spurs: Tim Mountain to the north, Black Spur to the west, and Blackcat Mountain to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>The southeast side of East Kennebago Mountain drains into the South Branch of the Dead River, thence into Flagstaff Lake, the Dead River, and the Kennebec River, which drains into the Gulf of Maine.</p><br>
<p>The northeast end of East Kennebago drains into Cherry Run, thence into the South Branch of the Dead River.</p><br>
<p>The southwest end of East Kennebago drains into Kennebago Lake, thence into the Kennebago River, Cupsuptic Lake, through a series of lakes into the Rapid River and Umbagog Lake, the source of the Androscoggin River, which drains into Merrymeeting Bay, the estuary of the Kennebec River.</p><br>
<p>The northwest side of East Kennebago drains into Big Sag Brook, thence into Kennebago Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Egyptian Theatre is a historic movie theatre in Coos Bay, Oregon, United States. It was originally built as a garage, and was converted to a theatre in 1925. With a seating capacity of 770, the theatre is an example of the Egyptian Theatre style of Egyptian Revival architecture that was popular in the early 20th century in the USA, especially following the 1922 discovery of the tomb of King Tut. The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 24, 2010.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>The Egyptian Revival style of architecture was favored for many years in Europe and popularized in the United States during the 1920s with the discovery of the tomb of King Tutankhamen. The style’s potential for exotic, mysterious theatricality lent itself well to movie palace design of the 1920s, but only four movie palaces in this style are documented as surviving in the United States today. One of those four is the Egyptian Theatre, located at 229 S. Broadway in downtown Coos Bay, Oregon. Originally built in 1922 as a garage and converted in 1925 to a movie palace, the theater is essentially unchanged, possessing its original style décor, light fixtures, and furnishings, including its bronze pharaoh statues, friezes depicting lotus, papyrus, discs, uraei, and ravens, columns painted with hieroglyphics and Egyptionesque characters, a proscenium above the stage featuring a replica of an ancient Egyptian temple, and original curtains and painted backdrops. The Egyptian Theatre is an excellent example of the Egyptian Revival style and it continues to function as a movie palace to this day.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Egyptian was built by Charles Noble, a descendant of one of the area&#39;s first settlers. Noble spent $200,000 to convert his service station and garage into the theater. The building was designed by Lee Arden Thomas and Albert Mercier. It includes piers decorated with papyrus blossoms, wrought-iron ceiling lights in the form of hooded cobras, and stairways with 8 ft pharaoh statues.</p><br>
<h2>Theatre interior</h2><br>
<p>The theatre houses the only theatre organ still in place in its original theatre in Oregon, a 4/18 Mighty Wurlitzer pipe organ. The theatre also has all of its original vaudeville backdrops and working stage. The theatre originally had one screen but the balcony was converted to house two screens in 1976, for a total of three screens. In 2007, the theatre was converted back to one room and the balcony is open to the public (depending on attendance).</p><br>
<h2>Current events</h2><br>
<p>Per the official Egyptian Theatre website, as of May 2010:</p><br>
<p>With the unfunded $3 million cost of renovation, it is one of ten entries on the Historic Preservation League of Oregon&#39;s Most Endangered Places in Oregon 2011 list.</p><br>
<p>The Colden Family Cemetery is a Registered Historic Place in the Town of Montgomery in Orange County, New York. It is located off Maple Avenue south of NY 17K, surrounded by a small stone wall.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was established in the 1780s by the descendants of area resident Cadwallader Colden, one of the last colonial governors of New York. The ruins of the family home are at the junction of 17K and NY 747, approximately a mile (1.6 km) to the northeast. While Colden himself is buried another private cemetery in the Queens community of Flushing where he died, a tablet was erected in his memory at the entrance. Many of his progeny are here, along with some of the family&#39;s slaves and members of other families. The earliest grave is that of his last wife Elizabeth, who died in 1782. The most recent grave is that of Anna Colden Harris, who died in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Shivling is a mountain at tapovan in the Gangotri Group of peaks in the western Garhwal Himalaya, near the snout of the Gangotri Glacier. It lies in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, 6 km south of the Hindu holy site of Gaumukh . Its name refers to its status as a sacred symbol -Shiva Linga. It was called "Matterhorn Peak" by early European visitors because of its similarity in appearance to that Alpine peak. While not of locally great elevation, it is a dramatic rock peak, and most visually striking peak seen from Gaumukh; that and the difficulty of the climb make it a famed prize for mountaineers.</p><br>
<h2>The mountain and its setting</h2><br>
<p>Shivling forms the western gateway for the lower Gangotri Glacier, opposite the triple-peaked Bhagirathi massif. It lies on a spur projecting out from the main ridge that forms the southwest side of the Gangotri Glacier basin; this ridge contains other well-known peaks such as Bhagirathi, Thalay Sagar and Meru.</p><br>
<p>It was also called Mahadeo Ka Linga or (Mahadev Ka Linga)</p><br>
<p>Appearing as a single pyramid when seen from Gaumukh, Shivling is actually a twin-summitted mountain, with the northeast summit being slightly higher than the southwest summit, 6,501 m. Between Gaumukh and Shivling lies the Tapovan meadow, a popular pilgrimage site due to its inspiring view of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Shivling is well-defended on all sides by steep rock faces; only the west flank has a moderate enough slope for snow accumulation.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>After British exploration of the Gangotri Glacier in 1933, a German expedition led by R. Schwarzgruber climbed nearby peaks and did a reconnaissance of Shivling in 1938. They reported "no feasible route" on the mountain due to its steepness and the threat of falling seracs.</p><br>
<p>Shivling was first climbed on 3 June 1974 via the west ridge, by a team from the Indo-Tibetan Border Police, led by Hukam Singh. The ridge is the lowest-angle feature on the mountain, but still involves serious mixed climbing, and is threatened by the serac barrier noted by the Germans. The ridge leads to the col between the two summits; a steep snow/ice ridge then leads to the main summit.</p><br>
<p>Since the first ascent, at least ten other routes have been climbed on the peak, ascending all major ridges and most major faces of the mountain. All routes are extremely serious undertakings.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 Shirshendu Mukherjee became the youngest person in the world to have climbed the mountain at the age of 19 as a part of an Indian expedition.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, Basanta Singha Roy and Debashis Biswas, both climbers from Mountaineers Association Of Krishnanagar (MAK), West Bengal, India, were the first successful summiters of India, as a part of a total civilian effort i.e. without any army support.</p><br>
<p>Elounda , alternative transliterations Elounta or Elouda, is a small town on the northern coast of the island of Crete, Greece. It is part of the municipality of Agios Nikolaos, until recently  belonging to the prefecture of Lasithi and nowadays the periphery of Crete.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement structure</h2><br>
<p>Elounda is formed of seven villages and an uninhabited island area. The village of Schisma is by far the most populated one and is often understood as Elounda Centre.</p><br>
<p>The community of Elounda has a total of 2,193 inhabitants according to the 2011 census. The areas making up the community are (at least since the re-organisation of 2011-01-01) with Greek names and head count:</p><br>
<p>Agia Paraskevi – Αγία Παρασκευή – 23</p><br>
<p>Epano Elounda – Επάνω Ελούντα – 115</p><br>
<p>Epano Pines – Επάνω Πινές – 35</p><br>
<p>Kalydon – Καλυδών (uninhabited island area)</p><br>
<p>Kato Elounda – Κάτω Ελούντα – 86</p><br>
<p>Kato Pines – Κάτω Πινές – 62</p><br>
<p>Mavrikiano – Μαυρικιανό – 142</p><br>
<p>Schisma – Σχίσμα – 1,730</p><br>
<p>The area of Kalydon is made up of the island of Spinalonga, the Peninsula Spinalonga and the island of Kolokythas along with other smaller maritime structures.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and neighbourhood</h2><br>
<p>The road into Elounda from Agios Nikolaos is approximately 12 km in length and follows the shore as it climbs to the top of a small mountain. On a clear day it is possible to see the whole of Mirabello Bay and all the way to the eastern tip of Crete.</p><br>
<p>The small fishing village of Plaka (Lasithi), which overlooks the island of Spinalonga and the Kolikithia Peninsula, is located a mere 5 km from the main square of Elounda heading north away from Agios Nikolaos.</p><br>
<p>It is also the closest major town to the former leper colony of Spinalonga (Σπιναλόγκα), located on an island officially named Kalydon (Καλυδών).</p><br>
<p>Elounda is a famous tourist attraction, heavily visited by VIPs for its seaside luxury resorts. Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou used to spend his summers in Elounda; today, it is visited almost every year by the royal family of Saudi Arabia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest recorded settlement at Elounda was the ancient Greek city of Olous, whose people were in intermittent conflict with the citizens of Dorian Lato, until a peace treaty was eventually reached. Elounda has a later history as part of the Venetian era. Elounda has changed considerably during its lifespan. The bulk of the ancient city of Olous was reclaimed by the sea towards the end of the Ancient Greek period and is still visible, in part, when diving in the bay of Elounda.</p><br>
<p>During the early 1900s, Elounda acted as a stopping off point for lepers being transported to the leper colony at Spinalonga.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the President of France, François Mitterrand, and Colonel Muammar Gaddafi of Libya met in a luxurious Elounda resort to discuss conflict resolution in Chad.</p><br>
<h2>Public transport</h2><br>
<p>Bus services in Elounda are operated by the KTEL (ΚΤΕΛ) bus company, with scheduled services running to Plaka (Lasithi) and Agios Nikolaos throughout the day.</p><br>
<h2>In fiction</h2><br>
<p>Elounda was used for the filming of the popular BBC television series Who Pays the Ferryman? in the late 1970s.</p><br>
<p>It is the setting for the Belinda Jones novel Out of the Blue.</p><br>
<p>It features in Victoria Hislops novel The Island, the novel which has also been adapted for Greek television and aired as a mini series in the winter of 2010-11. It also features in Yannis&#39; by Beryl Darby.</p><br>
<p>The Ocate volcanic field  is a monogenetic volcanic field located in the eastern Sangre de Cristo Mountains of northern New Mexico. About 8.12 million years ago, basaltic volcanoes began to erupt in the Ocate area. Fourteen eruptive pulses have been recognized.</p><br>
<p>An unusual feature of the Ocate volcanic field is that the oldest basaltic flows form the highest mesas, and the youngest flows form surfaces lower in elevation. This reverse stratigraphy occurred because after the older flows were erupted about 8.3–5.7 m.y. ago on a relatively flat alluvial plain, the entire area was uplifted, and canyons were cut into the older basalt flows. Younger basalt flows then filled the major stream canyons. When uplift ceased, the youngest basalt flows of the Ocate volcanic field flowed on top of intermediate-aged flows.</p><br>
<p>Sandness  is a headland and district in the west of Shetland Mainland, Scotland. Sandness was a Civil Parish, which also included the island of Papa Stour some 1600 metres northwest across Papa Sound. In 1891, it was combined with Walls to the south, to form Walls and Sandness Parish, which had an administrative function until the abolition of Civil parishes in Scotland by the Local Government  Act 1929, and had been a statistical regional unit since. Currently, the community council area of Sandness and Walls covers about the same area. The 1878 map of Sandness Parish shows that the parish to the east was Aithsting, before it was included into Sandsting to the south.</p><br>
<p>The headland flanks the south side of Papa Sound near Papa Stour leading into St Magnus Bay and the district includes the headland and forms the mainland part of Walls parish. The land itself is fairly fertile for Shetland and runs from Bousta to Huxter, with Norby and Melby in the middle.</p><br>
<p>It has three churches, with only two still in use, with the other being privately owned and used as a shed. It has no village shop. The nearest one is just south of the village in Walls.</p><br>
<p>The village has approximately 160 residents and 75 inhabited houses.</p><br>
<p>The 249 m summit of Sandness Hill lies south of the village.</p><br>
<p>The village has a number of small businesses, including a bed and breakfast, a leather worker, a woolen mill, a baker, as well as Britain&#39;s most northerly vegbox scheme.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Chistina Jamieson who was a local writer and suffragist was born here in 1864.</p><br>
<p>St. Augustine Catholic Church, also called Olde St. Augustine&#39;s, is a historic Catholic church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Consecrated in 1848, the Palladian-style church was designed by Napoleon LeBrun. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The church was built to replace the Old St. Augustine Church which was completed in 1801. The first Order of Hermits of St. Augustine church founded in the United States, the original St Augustine housed the Liberty Bell&#39;s "Sister Bell". The church was burned down in the anti-Catholic Philadelphia Nativist Riots on May 8, 1844. The church sued the city of Philadelphia for not providing it with adequate protection. The money awarded to the church went to rebuilding the current church, which broke ground on May 27, 1847. Organizations founded by the church led to the creation of both Villanova University and the Philadelphia Orchestra.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Old church</h3><br>
<p>Fathers Matthew Carr and John Rosseter were sent to Philadelphia by the Roman Catholic Church to buy land to build a church in the city. St. Augustines Church began construction in 1796 to a design by Philadelphia architect Nicholas FitzMaurice Fagan (d. 1810) and was the first Order of Hermits of St. Augustine church founded in the United States. After delays as a result of yellow fever outbreaks among the workers and funding issues, the church was completed in 1801. Contributors for construction of St. Augustines included President George Washington, John Barry, Stephen Girard, and Thomas Fitzsimons.</p><br>
<p>In 1811 the St. Augustine Academy, a boys&#39; school, was founded; the school included the largest theological library in the city. The origins of Villanova University are traced back to St. Augustine Academy.</p><br>
<p>The church became a center of musical activity in the city. In 1820 a musical celebration to raise funds for the church attracted attention and musicians around the United States.</p><br>
<p>On May 27, 1821 Bishop Henry Conwell excommunicated William Hogan at the church.</p><br>
<p>A cupola and tower were added to the church in 1829. Loaned to the church in the late 1820s by Independence Hall, the "Sister Bell", a bell that had been cast to replace the cracked Liberty Bell, was placed in St. Augustine&#39;s tower.</p><br>
<p>By the 1840s Philadelphias Irish Catholic population was growing rapidly due to immigrants settling in the city. In 1838, half the churchs parishioners were Irish-born and only one-sixth of St. Augustine&#39;s parishioners were born in the United States. The rising immigrant and Catholic population was fueling nativist and anti-Catholic groups in Philadelphia. Tensions spread by rumors that Catholics were trying to ban the Bible from public schools led to the Nativist Riots of 1844.</p><br>
<p>Violence beginning on May 6 in the Kensington District led to a mob gathering in front of St Augustines Church on May 8. The city troops had stationed themselves near the church and Mayor John Morin Scott pleaded with the rioters for calm. Despite Mayor Scotts pleas, he was pelted with rocks and the church was set afire. The church was destroyed, the crowd cheering when the cupola fell. The St. Augustine Academy, including many of its rare books, was also destroyed.</p><br>
<h3>Current church</h3><br>
<p>During the three months after the church was destroyed, St. Augustines congregation was allowed to use Old St. Josephs Church. Three months after the riot, a new temporary church, the chapel of Our Lady of Consolation, was built and dedicated on October 27, 1844. This chapel fronted on Crown St. (now N. Lawrence St.) and adjoined St. Augustine&#39;s when the church was later rebuilt. Our Lady of Consolation was torn down in 1871 to make way for parish schools on Crown St. The friars of St. Augustine sued the city of Philadelphia for not providing the church enough protection during the riots, claiming US$80,000 in damages. The city argued that the friars could not claim their civil rights were violated as the Order of St. Augustine was a foreign organization under the authority of the Pope. The city also argued that the friars took a vow of poverty and could not be property owners. The Augustinians ended up proving the Order St. Augustine was incorporated in the US in 1804 and was awarded US$45,000.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone of the new church was laid on May 27, 1847 and the church was completed in December 1848. The church was consecrated by Bishop Francis Kenrick and Archbishop John Hughes presided over High Mass on November 5, 1848. The church continued to be a center of musical activity. A music director at St. Augustine founded the Choral Society of Philadelphia, which, along with musicians at the church, were involved in the organization of the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1900. Philadelphias first performance of George Frideric Handels Messiah was held at the church.</p><br>
<p>On June 15, 1976, St. Augustines Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. By 1988 the congregation of St. Augustine had shrunk to fewer than a dozen. The 1990s saw the congregation grow with Filipino Catholics from Philadelphia and the citys suburbs. In December 1992 an exact replica of Santo Niño de Cebú was dedicated, and Filipinos have held a special mass and festivals for Santo Niño. Also in December 1992, a severe storm severely damaged the church&#39;s steeple. Debris from the steeple fell onto the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, which had to be closed for three days. The damage was severe enough that the steeple had to be disassembled and removed. From a damaged roof, the church and art inside suffered water damage. A new steeple was erected on October 18, 1995. The steeple was replicated by Campbellsville Industries, "The Steeple People", located in Campbellsville, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>St. Augustine&#39;s was featured in the 1999 thriller The Sixth Sense, and the 2007 action movie Shooter.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Old St. Augustine Church was designed by Nicholas FitzMaurice Fagan, whose father-in-law, lumber merchant John Walsh, provided most of the lumber for the church. The church, designed in Roman Style, was twenty-five feet long and sixty-two feet wide. Its interior included a life-sized statue of the Crucifixion (1810) by sculptor William Rush. The tower and cupola added in 1829 was designed by William Strickland, who also designed the Merchant&#39;s Exchange and the Second Bank of the United States.</p><br>
<p>The current church was designed by architect Napoleon LeBrun, who also designed the Academy of Music. The church is an example of Palladian architecture. The main arched altar consists of white marble with shafts of Mexican onyx that border the tabernacle. Framing the altar is an archway supported by Corinthian columns. Above the altar sits a domed skylight. Stained-glass windows, each dedicated to a saint, allow in light throughout the church.</p><br>
<p>The Stephen A. Douglas Tomb and Memorial or Stephen Douglas Monument Park is located at 636 E. 35th Street in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois , near the site of the Union Army and prisoner of war Camp Douglas. A ten-foot statue of the man best remembered for debating Abraham Lincoln over slavery stands atop a 46 ft column of white marble from his native state, Vermont. Douglas died from typhoid fever on June 3, 1861 in Chicago, where he was buried on the shore of Lake Michigan. The site was afterwards bought by the state of Illinois, and the imposing monument by Leonard Volk was built over his grave. The cornerstone was laid in 1861 and the tomb was completed in 1881. The site was designated a Chicago Landmark on September 28, 1977.</p><br>
<p>The tomb is maintained by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a state historic site.</p><br>
<p>Lake Idro  is an Italian prealpine lake of glacial origin situated largely within the Province of Brescia  and in part in Trentino.</p><br>
<p>At 368 m above sea level it is the highest of the Lombard prealpine lakes. The lake is fed principally by the waters of the river Chiese; that river is also its only emissary. It has a surface area of 11.4 km² and a maximum depth of 122 m.</p><br>
<p>The lake is surrounded by wooded mountains. The shoreline of some 24 km is shared between four communes: Idro (the frazioni Crone and Belprato), from which the lake takes its name, Anfo, Bagolino (fraz. Ponte Caffaro) and Bondone (fraz. Baitoni).</p><br>
<p>Lake Idro currently faces severe problems of eutrophication resulting from the absence of adequate sewerage systems and the use of its feed-waters for irrigation and the generation of hydropower: it has become a site of conflict between environmental, agricultural and electricity industry interests.</p><br>
<p>The Dayton Project was a research and development project that was part of the larger Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bombs. Work took place at several sites in and around Dayton, Ohio. Those working on the project were ultimately responsible for creating the polonium-based modulated neutron initiators which were used to begin the chain reactions in the atomic bombs. The Dayton Project ran from 1943 to 1949, when the Mound Laboratories were completed in nearby Miamisburg, Ohio and the work moved there.</p><br>
<p>The Dayton Project began in 1943 when Monsantos Charles Allen Thomas was recruited by the Manhattan Project to coordinate the plutonium purification and production work being carried out at various sites. Scientists at the Los Alamos Laboratory calculated that a plutonium bomb would require a neutron initiator. The best-known neutron sources used radioactive polonium and beryllium, so Thomas undertook to produce polonium at Monsantos laboratories in Dayton.</p><br>
<p>The Dayton Project developed techniques for extracting polonium-210 from the lead dioxide ore in which it occurs naturally, and from bismuth targets that had been bombarded by neutrons in a nuclear reactor. Ultimately, polonium-based neutron initiators were used in both the gun-type Little Boy and the implosion-type Fat Man used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively. The fact that polonium was used as an initiator was classified until the 1960s, but George Koval, a technician with the Manhattan Project&#39;s Special Engineer Detachment, penetrated the Dayton Project as a spy for the Soviet Union.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In December 1942, during World War II, Charles Allen Thomas, a chemist and director of research at Monsanto in St. Louis, joined the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) as the deputy chief of its Division 8, which was responsible for propellants, explosives and the like. Early in 1943, he traveled to the east with Richard C. Tolman, a member of the NDRC, and James B. Conant, the president of Harvard University and the chairman of the NDRC, to witness a demonstration of a new underwater explosive. Conant and Tolman took the opportunity to quietly investigate Thomas&#39; background. He was then invited to a meeting in Washington D.C., with Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., the director of the wartime Manhattan Project responsible for building an atomic bomb. When he got there, Thomas found Conant was also present.</p><br>
<p>Groves and Conant were hoping to harness Thomas&#39;s industrial expertise for the benefit of the project. They offered him a post as a deputy to Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, but he did not wish to move his family or give up his responsibilities at Monsanto. Instead he accepted the role of coordinating the plutonium purification and production work being carried out at Los Alamos, the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago, Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, and Ames Laboratory in Iowa. Chemistry and metallurgy at Los Alamos would be led by the youthful Joseph W. Kennedy.</p><br>
<p>At Los Alamos, physicist Robert Serber proposed that instead of relying on spontaneous fission, the chain reaction inside the atomic bomb should be triggered by a neutron initiator. The best-known neutron sources were radium-beryllium and polonium-beryllium. The latter was chosen, as polonium has a 138-day half-life, which made it intense enough to be useful but not long-lived enough to be stockpiled. Thomas took charge of the development of techniques to industrially refine polonium for use with beryllium in the "urchin" internal neutron initiators. This effort became the Dayton Project.</p><br>
<h2>Organization</h2><br>
<p>Thomas brought in key personnel from Monsantos Thomas and Hochwalt Laboratories in Dayton, Ohio, including Caroll Hochwalt, James Lum and Nicholas Samaras. Thomas became Director of the Dayton Project, with Hochwalt as Assistant Project Director and Lum as Laboratory Director. They decided that about twelve chemists would be required, and Lum set about recruiting professors, graduate students and industrial chemists from universities and laboratories in the area. The first of these recruits commenced in August 1943, but few had any experience with radiochemistry. Numbers increased from 46 full-time employees at the end of 1943 to 101 at the end of 1944, 201 at the end of 1945, and 334 at the end of 1946, including members of the Armys Special Engineer Detachment.</p><br>
<h2>Locations</h2><br>
<p>Office space was initially found in the Monsanto offices at 1515 Nicholas Rd, which became known as Unit I. Unit II was the Monsanto Rocket Propellant works off Betty Lane near Ohio State Route 741. While it was administered by Monsanto, it was not used by the Dayton Project. The site handled explosives including ammonium nitrate and ammonium picrate, but no radioactive materials were handled there. Work at Unit II ceased in the fall of 1945. Consideration was given to using it in December 1946, but this proposal was rejected in favor of erecting a Quonset hut at Unit III.</p><br>
<p>A laboratory site was found at 1601 W. First Street that had originally been constructed to house the Bonebrake Seminary. It was a three-story brick building built in 1879, and owned by the Dayton Board of Education, which used it as a warehouse. Monsanto leased the site on 15 October 1943, and began converting it into a laboratory known as Unit III. New heating and lighting were installed, windows were replaced, new flooring was laid, and some rooms were re-plastered. A pair of guard houses known as buildings J and K were added, as was a chemical storage shed known as building F, and a wire fence. Laboratory activities were transferred there from Unit I on 25 September. In May 1945, five additional temporary buildings were constructed on land leased from the Board of Education that housed offices, a cafeteria, locker rooms, a physics laboratory and a laundry. A new guardhouse was also built. To this was added two portable buildings in 1946.</p><br>
<p>By 1944, space was running short, and Monsanto began negotiations to acquire the Runnymede Playhouse in the wealthy residential Dayton suburb of Oakwood. Built in 1927, the Playhouse was a leisure facility that included an outdoor swimming pool, a ballroom, a squash court, a tennis court with a cork floor and a stage for community theater. It had showers with Italian marble and a -story garage. The estate was owned by the Talbott Realty Company, which was controlled by Thomass wifes family. The Talbotts were among the heirs of the Delco company, which was by then a part of General Motors.</p><br>
<p>The Oakwood City Council wanted the Playhouse as a community center. Thomas appeared before the council and assured them that it would not be damaged, although he could not disclose what he was intending to use it for. When Talbott Realty proved reluctant to sell, the United States Army Corps of Engineers condemned the property, which became Unit IV on 15 February 1944. Remodeling began on 17 March and the Production Group began moving in on 1 June. Three guard houses were added, along with a wire fence. Changes to the site were minimized in order to make it easier to restore later. Because it was located in a residential area, efforts were also made to minimize noise and other disruptions.</p><br>
<p>In May 1945, Monsanto rented three floors of a warehouse at 601 East Third Street from General Electric. Initially it was used to receive and store equipment used by the Project. Later the fourth floor was used as office space, and a laboratory was established on the fifth floor where studies were carried out on the effects of polonium on laboratory animals. Analysis of bioassay samples was carried out there to minimize the danger of polonium contamination of the samples.</p><br>
<h2>Research</h2><br>
<p>Polonium also occurs naturally in various ores, and the lead dioxide residues from the refinery in Port Hope, Ontario, left over after the removal of uranium and radium from the natural ore were known to contain polonium. It was estimated that this lead dioxide contained 0.2 to 0.3 mg of polonium per metric ton. A curie of polonium weighs about 0.2 mg. The first 7,250 lb of radioactive lead dioxide was delivered to the Dayton Project on 10 November 1943. The first 500 lb batch was processed by 8 December, which made 30 &deg;C of polonium available for experiments a week later.</p><br>
<p>Three processes were investigated for extracting the polonium from the ore. J. H. Dillon of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company had patented a process in which the lead oxide was dissolved in hydrochloric acid:</p><br>
<p>The polonium could then be deposited on copper or nickel sheets. This required large-scale glass-lined equipment not available in Dayton, but available at the Monsanto B plant in Monsanto, Illinois. After small-scale tests at Unit III revealed that the process was practical, some three tons of lead dioxide were sent to the B plant, and 2.50 &deg;C were recovered. Getting the polonium off the copper and nickel sheets proved more problematic.</p><br>
<p>A second method attempted was a kiln process. The idea was to simply roast the lead dioxide and vaporize the polonium. The problem was that lead dioxide slagged at 700 &deg;C, which was too low for the process to work. So lead orthophosphate was tried, which slagged at 900 &deg;C. This was made by mixing the lead dioxide with phosphoric acid. Experiments showed that the polonium vaporized well when the lead orthophosphate was heated to 750 &deg;C for four hours. Unfortunately, the process then ran into problems with dust and other foreign matter, and with contamination of the personnel and equipment involved.</p><br>
<p>The third method involved dissolving the lead dioxide in a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide:</p><br>
<p>This proved to be the best way to separate the polonium from the lead dioxide, although there were problems with the precipitation of various contaminants, including iron and aluminum. Although about 35 ST of lead dioxide were treated with nitric acid, and about 40 &deg;C of polonium were produced, the process did not proceed beyond the pilot stage because a better source of polonium became available.</p><br>
<h2>Production</h2><br>
<p>Polonium could be produced by neutron irradiation of bismuth. In 1943 the only polonium produced in this manner was in cyclotrons, but the Manhattan Project&#39;s development of nuclear reactors offered the prospect of producing large amounts of polonium in this manner:</p><br>
<p>A metric ton of bismuth irradiated in the Manhattan Projects X-10 Graphite Reactor at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, contained 32 to 83 Ci of polonium, a vast improvement over the yields from Port Hopes lead dioxide. Starting in June 1945, the Dayton Project began receiving bismuth irradiated in the more powerful reactors at the Hanford Site in Washington, which now became the major source of supply, and by the end of 1946 Hanford was shipping material that contained up to 13,200 &deg;C per metric ton of bismuth. This was much more dangerous to handle, but by then safe handling procedures had been developed.</p><br>
<p>Bismuth was purchased from the American Smelting and Refining Company of the highest purity that it could produce. It was sent to Hanford, where it was put in aluminum cans, and placed inside a reactor for 100 days. The canned slugs then shipped to Unit IV, where they were bathed in hydrochloric acid, which dissolved the aluminum. This formed an aluminum chloride solution that was disposed of, as it was highly radioactive due to iron and copper in the aluminum alloy. The bismuth slugs were then dissolved in aqua regia. This was too weak for electroplating the polonium, so the nitric acid was removed, and then the polonium deposited on bismuth by adding powdered bismuth. This resulted in a 100–1 concentration. This could then be repeated by dissolving in aqua regia again to achieve a 1000–1 concentration. This was again dissolved, and the polonium electroplated on platinum foils. The main problem with the process was that it required glass-lined containers due to the aqua regia, and mechanisms for safe handling of the radioactive material. The Dayton Project explored alternative purification methods that were found to be workable, but less efficient or safe.</p><br>
<p>The first consignment of polonium left for Los Alamos on 15 March 1944 in a lead-lined suitcase carried by a military courier. Regular shipments were made thereafter. Initiator testing at Los Alamos required more polonium than anticipated, and in December 1944, Oppenheimer was forced to ask Thomas if he could ship 20 &deg;C per month. The Dayton Project was able to do so. In February 1945, Thomas agreed to increase shipments to 100 &deg;C per month by June, and 500 per month by December.</p><br>
<p>The total cost of the Dayton Project up to the end of 1946 was $3,666,507 ($ in today&#39;s dollars).</p><br>
<h2>Assay</h2><br>
<p>Dayton Project employees were not allowed to eat or smoke in processing areas, and had to scrub their hands before leaving these areas. They also had to shower at the end of each day&#39;s work, and were subjected to weekly urine tests. Employees with elevated levels of polonium were not allowed in the processing areas. Working with polonium without spreading contamination proved to be almost impossible. Fortunately, it was not a bone-seeker like radium or plutonium, and was readily excreted in urine. Detection methods had already been developed, making it easy to track. The employee at Unit IV with the highest levels of polonium in her urine had contaminated her hair, and often held bobby pins in her mouth.</p><br>
<h2>Espionage</h2><br>
<p>George Koval was drafted into the United States Army in 1943, and was inducted into the Manhattan Project&#39;s Special Engineer Detachment. He was initially assigned to the Clinton Engineer Works, where his job as a health physics officer gave him access to much of the site. He began passing secrets relating to the production of polonium at Oak Ridge to the Soviet Union through his s GRU (Soviet military intelligence) handler code-named "Clyde". In 1945 Koval was transferred to Dayton. Again, his job as a health physics officer gave him wide access to the secret installation. The fact that polonium was used as an initiator remained classified until the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Initiators</h2><br>
<p>After Leonard I. Schiff calculated that an initiator could theoretically improve the efficiency of a gun-type fission weapon, Oppenheimer gave approval on 15 March 1945 for initiators to be included in the Little Boy design. Testing was carried out to ensure that the initiators were rugged enough to handle being transported in an airplane and being accidentally dropped. Eventually, about forty initiators were despatched to Tinian, where four were inserted into the bomb that was used in the bombing of Hiroshima.</p><br>
<p>The initiator used in the implosion design of the Fat Man bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki was code-named "urchin". In order to increase the efficiency of the explosion, the initiator had to emit a large number of neutrons in a few microseconds while the plutonium core was fully compressed. At the heart of the urchin was a solid beryllium sphere 0.4 cm in diameter. This was gold-plated and coated with 20 &deg;C of polonium. The gold kept the polonium&#39;s alpha particles from striking the beryllium. This fitted inside two beryllium hemispheres with 15 parallel grooves cut into the inner surface. These grooves converted the shock wave of the implosion into jets that shattered the spheres and caused the beryllium and polonium to mix and emit neutrons. The hemispheres were nickel-plated and the outer surface was coated in gold and 30 &deg;C of polonium. The 2.0 cm initiator, which was hot to the touch, fitted neatly inside the 0.8 in hole in the center of the plutonium pit.</p><br>
<h2>Mound Laboratories</h2><br>
<p>By 1945, the Dayton Project has assumed such importance that the Manhattan Project decided to make it into a permanent facility. The original intention was to move operations to Oak Ridge, but it was decided that a site near Dayton was preferable. Few of the scientific and technical staff wanted to move to Tennessee, and there were concerns about the dangers of polonium contamination at a plutonium processing site. A search for a suitable site began in early 1946, and one was found in Miamisburg, about 12 mi from Dayton. The 178 acre site was adjacent to a state park containing a large prehistoric Indian burial mound, which gave the Mound Laboratories their name.</p><br>
<p>Monsanto commenced construction of what was called Unit V in May 1946, using the firm of Giffels and Vallet of Detroit as architects, while the plant was built by the Maxon Construction of Dayton. The design called for an underground complex that could withstand a direct hit from a 2,000 lb bomb, with protection against biological and chemical weapons, at a cost of $17,900,000.</p><br>
<p>Responsibility for nuclear weapons production was transferred from the Manhattan Project to the Atomic Energy Commission in 1947, but work continued on the Mound Laboratories. The first building was completed in May 1948, and polonium processing commenced at the Mound Laboratories in February 1949. Altogether, 14 major buildings were constructed with a total floor space of 366,000 ft2 at a cost of $25.5 million. Due to fear of attack or sabotage, the former Scioto Laboratory Complex in Marion, Ohio, was acquired by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948. It was maintained as a cold standby site until it was no longer needed in 1953.</p><br>
<h2>Site cleanup</h2><br>
<p>Unit I continued to be used by Monsanto as an administrative facility until the 1980s, when it was demolished. The land was sold in 1992. Unit III, the former Bonebrake Theological Seminary, was decontaminated in 1950 and returned to the Dayton Board of Education. The original seminary building was subsequently demolished, but several structures remain from the Dayton Project. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 10 May 2006. Unit IV, the former Runnymede Playhouse, was deemed too contaminated, so the building was demolished in February 1950. Even the cobblestones in the driveway were ripped up and taken away, along with 7 ft of earth from under the house. The excavation was filled in, and the site was returned to the Talbott family, who were paid $138,000 in compensation. The Dayton Warehouse was decontaminated in 1950 and returned to its owners.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the Department of Energy, which had succeeded the Atomic Energy Commission, decided that since the Dayton sites already had been decontaminated, they did not warrant inclusion in the Army Corps of Engineers&#39; Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). However, the local community in Dayton were concerned that the cleanup did not meet 21st century environmental standards. Therefore, the state of Ohio asked the United States Congress to have the Army Corps of Engineers conduct a review. This was carried out in 2004 and 2005. The review concluded that no radioactive contaminants were found that would warrant inclusion in FUSRAP.</p><br>
<p>The Edmonston House is located on NY 94 in the Vails Gate section of the Town of New Windsor in Orange County, New York. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James and Margaret Smith Edmonston came from County Tipperary, Ireland in 1720. After staying seven years in Plymouth, Massachusetts they moved to New Windsor and purchased 200 acres just west of Vails Gate from the widow Ingoldsby. The Ingoldsby land was part of the early patent held by Capt. John Evans. For a time Edmonstons log cabin was the only house between New Windsor and what would later become Washingtonville.</p><br>
<p>The family lived in the log cabin until 1755 when the first 2-story stone house was built, followed soon after with a 2-story stone addition. Built in 1755 by Edmonston, it is said that the house was used as a headquarters during the last years of the Revolutionary War by generals Horatio Gates and Arthur St. Clair and also served as the medical staff headquarters for the nearby encampment of the Continental Army. However historian Edward Manning Rutterbur asserts that the medical staff was headquartered at the James Clinton house in New Windsor village, while the officers were billeted in a building across the road from the Edmonston house.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s the house suffered a serious fire in the east wing.</p><br>
<p>Today, the house is managed by the National Temple Hill Association, along with the nearby Last Encampment, a town-owned portion of the Cantonment. It is open as a museum from 2-5 p.m. Sundays July through September.</p><br>
<p>Thusharigiri Falls  is a waterfall located in Kozhikode district in the Indian state of Kerala, India.</p><br>
<h2>Orientation</h2><br>
<p>Two streams originating from the Western Ghats meet here to form the Chalippuzha River. The river diverges into three waterfalls creating a snowy spray, which gives the name, Thusharagiri. The word Thusharagiri means the snow-capped mountain. Of the three, the highest waterfall is the Thenpara that falls from an altitude of 75 m.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Thusharagiri offers endless scope for trekking, rock climbing and wild life sanctuary visits. It is around 50 km from Kozhikode. The nearest town Kodancherry is around 11 km from Thusharagiri. The other main towns situated here are Thiruvambady which is 18 km away and Thamarassery which is 17 km away. One has to purchase all necessary things for trekking from here.</p><br>
<p>The Isidore H. Heller House is a house located at 5132 South Woodlawn Avenue in the Hyde Park community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The house was designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The design is credited as one of the turning points in Wright&#39;s shift to geometric, Prairie School architecture, which is defined by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands, and an integration with the landscape, which is meant to evoke native Prairie surroundings.</p><br>
<p>The work demonstrates Wrights shift away from emulating the style of his mentor, Louis Sullivan. Richard Bock, a Wright collaborator and sculptor, provided some of the ornamentation, including a plaster frieze. The ownership history of this building demonstrates the propertys evolution and development in the framework of surrounding Hyde Park buildings, and the buildings location in the current community—near other Prairie School architecture—includes this building into the overall body of Lloyd Wrights work. The Heller House was designated a Chicago Landmark on September 15, 1971, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 16, 1972. On August 18, 2004, the USA Department of the Interior designated the house a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Little is known about Isidore H. Heller and his family, but what is known has been compiled through personal interviews as well as census and county records. Heller was born in Austria in 1847, and his wife, Ida, was born in Wisconsin in 1857. In America, Heller worked at Wolf, Sayer, and Heller: Packers and Butcher’s Supplies, which was located on Fulton Street, Chicago, on the northwest side of the city. Heller and Ida were later married and had three children, including Walter Heller, a Chicago investment banker.</p><br>
<p>Heller purchased land in the Hyde Park area of Chicago from Jonas Hamburger on January 2, 1895 and commissioned Lloyd Wright to design the house in 1896. A building permit was issued on July 13, 1897, at a cost of $7.70, and named William Adams as the builder. The building was constructed on the 50 by lot in 1897. The total cost of the work is estimated at $12,500. In 1906, the lot was enlarged when Heller purchased an additional 25 ft to the north of his original plot.</p><br>
<p>The Hellers lived in the house for about 16 years, until the death of Ida Heller on October 11, 1909. The house was sold to Francis Bickett on June 18, 1913, as records indicate that by 1915, Heller had been living in Silver Lake for some years.</p><br>
<p>In 1948, George Watson purchased the home from Fox and owned it for the next 25 years, becoming the owner with the longest tenure. Lewis Bradford then bought the house in 1972, and had the exterior sandblasted. In 1977, Victor and Danielle Barcilon bought the house. They occupied it until 1987, when it was sold to David and Catherine Epstein, who sold the home to Serafino Garella and Judith Bromley, in 1995. They restored a bathroom and restored the master bedroom&#39;s fireplace. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in the same year. The house was then sold in 2004 again to the Goldstein family.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>When Wright designed the Heller House in 1896, it marked his move away from styles that were popular into an era of geometric and highly modern designs. Wrights design exhibits the influence of Wrights mentor, Louis Sullivan, and demonstrates Wrights move towards Prairie School homes which would epitomize much of his early work. Sullivans influence can also be seen in the floral pattern of the Richard Bock plaster frieze on the home&#39;s third floor, although during the 1970s, restoration work—which utilized sandblasting—destroyed much of the detail on the frieze.</p><br>
<p>The 26 by rectangular house stands 41 ft high and was built with Indiana Limestone, and yellow Roman brick, which emphasizes the geometric and horizontal nature of the home&#39;s exterior. The south side entrance was adorned with Classical detailing and the cantilevered entry lintel, which sits on two ornately detailed stone columns, was decorated with quatrefoils (Four leaves) which were set on a stone panel. The front room is not split by a corridor or side hall, making it more spacious.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Heller House was Wright&#39;s first work in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago, an area that was influenced by the Gothic Revival work of Henry Ives Cobb.</p><br>
<p>Many of the Hyde Park houses of Chicago are surrounded by elaborate gardens, and have been the subject of an ongoing neighborhood revitalization since the late 1950s. The design of the Heller House was unlike any other home in Chicago at the time it was built and was called Wright&#39;s most "outrageous" design.</p><br>
<p>The Printing House Row District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing four architecturally important buildings on the 300 through 500 blocks of South Dearborn, South Federal and South Plymouth streets in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as South Dearborn Street – Printing House Row Historic District and listed as a National Historic Landmark as South Dearborn Street – Printing House Row North Historic District on January 7, 1976. The district was designated a Chicago Landmark on May 9, 1996. The district includes the Monadnock Building, the Manhattan Building, the Fisher Building, and the Old Colony Building. The district overlaps significantly with the Printers Row neighborhood, and is not the same as South Loop Printing House District.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Printing House Row District includes four buildings that present facades onto South Dearborn Street, between West Jackson Boulevard and West Congress Parkway. At the northern end stands the Monadnock Building, occupying the entire block of South Dearborn and South Federal between Jackson and Van Buren. Opposite the southern portion of the Monadnock stands the Fisher Building, fronting on South Dearborn and Van Buren. Across Van Buren on the east side of South Dearborn is the Old Colony Building, with the Manhattan Building to its south.</p><br>
<p>Each of these buildings is significant for its architecture and/or for advances in skyscraper construction methods in the 1880s and 1890s. The Manhattan Building, built in 1889-91 to a design by William Le Baron Jenney, was the first skyscraper supported entirely by an internal metal skeleton, and was the tallest building in the world at its completion. The Old Colony Building, built in 1893-94 to a design by Holabird & Roche, demonstrated a means to build skyscrapers on narrow lots, yet provide sufficient strength to its floors to withstand the operational stresses of printing equipment. The Fisher Building, built in 1895-96 to a design by Daniel H. Burnham, is one of the first buildings to use curtain wall construction. Lastly, the Monadnock, built in two stages, one designed by Burnham & Root and the other by Holabird & Roche, is one of the largest commercial buildings with load-bearing masonry walls ever built.</p><br>
<p>Harker Glacier is a tidewater glacier on South Georgia Island in the southern Atlantic Ocean. Harker glacier was first mapped by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition , and named De Geer Glacier, after Gerard De Geer , a Swedish geologist who specialized in geomorphology and geochronology. It was remapped in 1912 by David Ferguson, and renamed for Alfred Harker , an English geologist who specialised in petrology and petrography.</p><br>
<p>The valley in which Harker Glacier is located drains from south to north out of the Allardyce Range into Moraine Fjord in the eastern side of Cumberland Bay, south of Grytviken, the principal settlement of the island. Harker Glacier is a tidewater glacier that contributes icebergs to the bay. The glacier has not changed significantly since the 1970s, but is further advanced than when it was photographed by Frank Hurley in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The Huron Indian Cemetery in Kansas City, Kansas, also known as Huron Park Cemetery, is now formally known as the Wyandot National Burying Ground. It was established circa 1843, soon after the Wyandot had arrived following removal from Ohio. The tribe settled in the area for years, with many in 1855 accepting allotment of lands in Kansas in severalty. The majority of the Wyandot removed to Oklahoma in 1867, where they maintained tribal institutions and communal property. As a federally recognized tribe, they had legal control over the communal property of Huron Cemetery. For more than 100 years, the property has been a source of controversy between the federally recognized Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma, which wanted to sell it for redevelopment, and the much smaller present-day Wyandot Nation of Kansas, which wanted to preserve the burying ground.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is located at North 7th Street Trafficway and Minnesota Avenue in Kansas City. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 3, 1971 and has been formally renamed the Wyandot National Burying Ground. It is in the Kansas City, Kansas Historic District. It was placed on the Register of Historic Kansas Places on July 1, 1977.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century Lyda Conley and her two sisters in Kansas City, Kansas led a years-long battle to preserve the cemetery against forces wanting to develop it. In 1916 the cemetery gained some protection as a national park under legislation supported by Kansas Senator Charles Curtis. It continued to be subject to development pressure, with new proposals coming up about every decade. Passage of the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act provided new protections, as lineal descendants of those interred must be consulted and they have a voice in disposition of cemeteries and gravesites. Lineal descendants among the Wyandot Nation of Kansas have strongly supported continued preservation of the cemetery in its original use.</p><br>
<p>In 1998 the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma and Wyandot Nation of Kansas signed an agreement to use the Huron Cemetery only for religious, cultural or other activities compatible with use of the site as a burial ground. In December 2016 the cemetery was named as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History of Wyandot tribe in Kansas</h2><br>
<p>The Wyandot migration from Ohio to Missouri and Kansas occurred during the big rain of 1844. The Wyandot came to the confluence of the Missouri and Kaw rivers (July 28 and 31 in 1843). They settled in the Westport area until the Delaware sold them thirty-six sections and gave them three sections in memory of friendship in what is now Wyandotte County. They were living in a low-lying area and suffered epidemic illness. Survivors buried the dead in land on a ridge overlooking the Missouri River, which became known as the Huron Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Later that year, the United States granted land in Kansas to the Wyandot that included the ridge. They continued to use it as a cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In 1855 the government accepted many of the Wyandot as United States citizens when they agreed to accept allotments of communal land by household. Tribal government was dissolved. The Huron Cemetery remained part of communal holdings and was used by members in Kansas City. Four years later, the Town of Wyandot was incorporated, with the Huron Cemetery within its boundaries. This community later was annexed by Kansas City in Wyandotte County.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1850s the Wyandot separately approved the sale of some of their land for the founding of the Quindaro townsite. The town was founded as a free port-of-entry on the Missouri River in late 1856 by abolitionists in the Kansas territory. It was named after the Wyandot wife of one of the founders. Construction of buildings in the commercial section along the river began in 1857 and proceeded rapidly, as settlers were arriving from New England to help Kansas become a free state by being there to vote on its status. More residential areas were developed on the ridge above the river.</p><br>
<p>At Quindaro and on their own land, the Wyandot Native Americans provided an important refuge for slaves escaping on the Underground Railroad. Some of the natives aided slaves who had escaped across the river from Missouri, and helped them travel further north to freedom.</p><br>
<p>After the American Civil War, in 1867 the majority of members who had not become citizens (or who said they wanted to be part of the tribe) was removed again, this time to 20,000 acre in Oklahoma. Those members remaining in Kansas were considered "absentee" or "citizen class". Because the Oklahoma nation retained tribal institutions, its leaders retained legal authority over the communal land of the Huron Indian Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Later, the Quindaro townsite became part of Kansas City. By the 1890s, the Huron Indian Cemetery on the ridge was considered prime land in the expanding Kansas City. Wanting to purchase the cemetery land, developers negotiated with its legal owners, leaders of the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma. In 1906, the Wyandotte through Congress instructed the United States Secretary of the Interior to sell the land. Nearby had been built the Carnegie Library and the Brund Hotel, and the Scottish Rites Masonic Temple was under reconstruction following a fire. Sale proceeds would go to the Nation in Oklahoma. Indian remains from the Huron Cemetery were to be moved to the Quindaro Cemetery nearby in Kansas City.</p><br>
<p>Over the years as Kansas City developed, the cemetery repeatedly was the center of controversy between forces for preservation and those for development. In addition, the struggle has been between the present-day Wyandot Nation of Kansas and the federally recognized Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma. Since the late 19th century, the latter group was the only one with legal authority over the site. Lyda Conley and her two sisters of Kansas City launched a public relations and legal defense to prevent the sale. They were joined by other local Wyandot descendants, as well as by women&#39;s clubs and similar associations. In the course of this, in 1909 Lyda Conley became the first Native American woman attorney to be admitted to the bar of the US Supreme Court, as she carried the case there. While sympathetic, the Court did not support her attempt to prevent the sale of land.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, with the aid of Kansas Senator Charles Curtis, a multi-racial member of the Kaw tribe and future Vice President of the United States, Congress passed legislation to protect the Huron Indian Cemetery as a park. The federal government entered into an agreement with Kansas City for its maintenance.</p><br>
<p>But through the years the city and the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma have continued to consider development on the site that would require removal of Wyandot remains. The Wyandot Nation of Kansas incorporated in 1959. It has been seeking federal recognition in recent years and strongly supports maintenance of the cemetery as an historic site.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery&#39;s prime location continues to bring development interest. In recognition of its historic importance, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 3, 1971. It has been formally renamed the Wyandot National Burying Ground.</p><br>
<p>Included within the Kansas City, Kansas Historic District, the cemetery was also listed on the Register of Historic Kansas Places on July 1, 1977. In 1978-1979 the city installed new grave markers.</p><br>
<h2>Current</h2><br>
<p>Scholars believe that there are more than 400 bodies, and possibly as many as 800, buried in Huron Indian Cemetery; only a small number of the graves are marked. Burials were still being made in the late 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, there has been some vandalism in the cemetery. In 1991 the Kansas City government installed more than 70 new grave markers in consultation with the tribe and archaeologists, to replace some that had been put in during the 1970s. The Huron Indian Cemetery is open dawn to dusk. The grounds are attractive, but the cemetery needs additional funding to keep them up.</p><br>
<p>In 1994 the chief of the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma evaluated the Huron Park Cemetery as a possible location of a gaming casino. (Gaming has become a major revenue generator for Native American tribes.) Representatives of the Wyandot Nation of Kansas protested to their Congressional delegation. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) noted that no action could occur without substantial consultation with various agencies and, most importantly, consent from the lineal descendants of individuals interred at the Huron Park Cemetery, as required in the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990.</p><br>
<p>After more than 100 years of disagreement, finally in 1998 the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma and Wyandot Nation of Kansas signed an agreement to use the Huron Cemetery only for religious, cultural or other activities compatible with the sacred purpose of the site as a burial ground. In addition their agreement stated that the Oklahoma nation would not oppose the Wyandot Nation of Kansas&#39; attempt to gain federal recognition. They are currently recognized by the state. In 2017 the cemetery was named as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Carriage Works are in Stokes Croft, Bristol, England.</p><br>
<p>They were built in 1862 by Edward William Godwin from Pennant stone with Bath stone dressings. It has round arched arcades above double width segmental arches. The ground-floor arches were originally open for access by John Perry and Sons carriages. In 1844 Thomas and John Perry paid £3 per year to rent the site. By the beginning of the 20th century Perrys had modernised from horse carriages to include the manufacture of cars at the site. From 1913 until 1960s the building was used to process rubber by the Anderson’s Bristol Rubber Co. Ltd. In the 1960 it was home to Regional Pools Promotions a membership scheme which gave prizes and raised money for charity, and later moved next door to Westmoreland House.</p><br>
<p>The building has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building. The building, which is an example of the Bristol Byzantine style, is on the English Heritage Buildings at Risk Register and described as being in very bad condition.</p><br>
<p>In September 2011 the Carriageworks Action Group was launched to develop community ideas for the future of the building, the neighbouring Westmoreland House and the land behind. The Action Group is made up of local residents, organisations and businesses, supported by Bristol City Council, and proposes to write a community vision for the site.</p><br>
<p>In June 2013 a housing association, Knightstone Housing, was named as the preferred developer. In 2015 a planning application was made to Bristol City Council by Fifth Capital to develop the site for a mixed use including 112 homes and designed by Assael Architecture. This was approved in October 2015 despite concerns about the lack of affordable housing included in the scheme.</p><br>
<p>The Ida B. Wells-Barnett House was the residence of civil rights advocate Ida B. Wells,  and her husband Ferdinand Lee Barnett from 1919 to 1930. It is located at 3624 S. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive in the Douglas community area of Chicago, Illinois. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on October 2, 1995. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a National Historic Landmark on May 30, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ida B. Wells-Barnett House is located on Chicagos South Side, on the west side of Martin Luther King Jr. Drive roughly midway between 35th and 37th streets. It is a three-story structure built out of ashlar granite in the Romanesque Revival style which was popular around 1890. The front facade is divided into a large right bay, a smaller left bay, and an angled left corner section, from which a turreted bay projects on the second and third levels. The main entrance is deeply recessed behind a segmented arch in the right bay; the other bays have windows set in round-arch openings. The right bay is topped by a gabled wall dormer with a pair of round-arch windows at its center. The interiors original layout had a side hall plan, with public rooms on the ground floor, bedrooms on the second, and a ballroom on the third. The building has been subdivided into apartments.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1889-90 to a design by architect Joseph Thain. It was purchased in 1919 by writer and activist Ida B. Wells and her husband, attorney Ferdinand Lee Barnett, and served as the couple&#39;s home until 1929. Of three addresses they were known to have lived at in Chicago, this is the best preserved. Wells, born into slavery in Tennessee in 1862, was educated at Rust College and became a teacher. She was an outspoken advocate for African-American civil rights, and regularly wrote about the brutality of the Jim Crow south, particularly on the subject of lynching. In the early 1890s she met Barnett, a Chicago attorney also active in civil rights; they married in 1895. Wells continued her writing and activism, and was a founding organizer of the NAACP.</p><br>
<p>Thalay Sagar is a mountain in the Gangotri Group of peaks in the western Garhwal Himalayas, on the main ridge that lies south of the Gangotri Glacier. It lies in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, 10 km southwest of the Hindu holy site of Gaumukh . It is the second highest peak on the south side of the Gangotri Glacier , but it is more notable for being a dramatic rock peak, steep on all sides, and a famed prize for mountaineers. It is adjacent to the Jogen group of peaks, and has the lake Kedartal at its base.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>For military and geopolitical reasons foreign climbers were not permitted into most of the Garhwal region until the late 1970s. Unusually for such a hard peak, the first exploration of the Kedar Ganga valley and Thalay Sagar by non-Indians resulted in an attempt was actually successful. It was first climbed on 24 June 1979 via the northwest couloir and ridge and thence across the shale band of the North Face by an Anglo-American team comprising Roy Kligfield, John Thackray, and Pete Thexton.</p><br>
<p>Since the first ascent, many other routes have been climbed on the peak, some of which have been testpieces of modern mountaineering. There have been at least 15 ascents by at least 9 different routes. The north face of the peak, in particular, has been climbed by 5 different routes, some more direct than others. The key difficulty in the direct routes is a notorious band of shale near the summit, which presents rotten and dangerous rock. The first route to climb directly through the shale band, instead of finishing on one of the ridges, was the Australian Route pioneered by Andrew Lindblade and Athol Whimp; it involves 1,400 m of climbing and is graded VII 5.9 WI5. Their climb was awarded the Piolet d&#39;Or in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of the Thalay Sagar NE face to the SE ridge was made by the Dutch team of Melvin Redeker, Mike Van Berkel and Cas Van de Gevel. They climbed in an 11-day push from base camp to summit, including time spent waiting out bad weather. The Dutch climbers were the eighth team that reached the summit.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 the first successful Indian ascent was accomplished by Basanta Singha Roy the famous climber from Mountaineers Association Of Krishnanagar(MAK),West Bengal, India, along with three sherpas (Pemba sherpa,pasangh sherpa & Phurba sherpa).</p><br>
<p>On 22 July 2012 Tusi Das, a 28-year-old woman climber from Kolkata summited the peak. She was the sole climber in the five-member women’s team from the Alipore-based Kolkata Albatross Adventure Society to reach the summit. It was the first woman ascent to Mt Thalay Sagar recorded so far.</p><br>
<p>The Potrillo volcanic field is a monogenetic volcanic field located on the Rio Grande Rift, in a portion of its rift valley, in southern New Mexico, United States and northern Chihuahua, Mexico. The volcanic field lies 22 mi southwest of Las Cruces, New Mexico.,</p><br>
<h2>Rio Grande rift</h2><br>
<p>The Rio Grande rift is a north–south rift valley in the Basin and Range Province of western North America.</p><br>
<p>Rifting began in Late Oligocene epoch.</p><br>
<p>The Rio Grande rift begins in central Colorado and runs southward to end in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Due to the rollback of Farallon Plate, a temporal pattern of magmatism oldest in east and swept progressively westward</p><br>
<p>Mantle upwelling providing heat and extension.</p><br>
<p>Gravitational collapse due to crustal thickening of the subduction zone, with deformation occurring as far west as Death Valley, California.</p><br>
<p>Collapse extension of the Basin and Range and the Rio Grande rift continues even today, although at a reduced rate compared to the Oligocene and the Miocene.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanology</h2><br>
<p>The Rio Grande rift is a tectonically active structure that has evolved during two stages:</p><br>
<p>The first phase was from the late Oligocene to early Miocene and at that time thirty to fifty percent of the Rio Grande rift was made; volcanism at that time included basaltic andesites, andesites, and silicic ash flow tuffs.</p><br>
<p>The second stage began around the mid-Miocene to Quaternary and continues to the present. It is about ten percent of the Rio Grande extension; there is some evidence of the continuous rifting including young fault scarps, seismicity, high heat flow, and ongoing uplift as established by geodetic measurements. Mafic volcanism is related to this stage.</p><br>
<p>What is thought is that molten rock went into crustal cracks which sometimes exploded violently onto the earth’s surface up and down the rift. Several thousand years ago, here in the Potrillo volcanic field, white-hot magma rose from 50 mi under the surface up through structural fractures toward the surface to change all the landscape appearance.</p><br>
<p>In some places molten rock intruded into depositional sand but it failed to erupt through the surface, so erosion took place to expose the igneous formations. In other places molten rock erupted explosively, producing clouds of solidified lava that later fell back to earth as ash, forming a cone around the vent. In some cases, it erupted several times as a succession of lava flows from a single vent forming widespread basalt layers taking on the form of a shield. At times, molten rock came into contact with water-saturated sand and it produced superheated and highly pressurized water vapor that exploded though the earth’s surface with a devastating force creating large craters known as maars or lakes.</p><br>
<p>In the Potrillo volcanic field, there are 10 to 15 foot thick layers of basalt spread across the volcanic field, from lava breaching the walls of the cinder cone and shield volcanoes, spilling down the flanks and spreading across the surrounding surface. The Potrillo area is generally classified as part of the southern Rio Grande rift and shows the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of that structure. Extension took place in an intense 30–20 Ma phase, involving low-angle normal faults, and a less intense</p><br>
<p>argued that the Quaternary magmatism reached the surface via a transfer zone linking two adjacent N–S-trending, long-lived, extensional structures—the West Robledo and Camel Mountain faults.</p><br>
<p>The Potrillo volcanic field is separated into three areas; the eastern, central and western alignments. This division is based on the essentially north-south distribution of volcanic centers, which is delineated by units east of the east Robledo fault. It goes across from north to south, the eastern alignment includes Santo Tomas, San Miguel, Little Clack Mountain and Black Mountain. Most of the eastern alignment are scoria cones with and without breach flows with pahoehoe surface.</p><br>
<p>The central alignment includes Aden, Afton, the Gardner cones, and the two maars; the Kilburne hole and Hunt’s hole. The two maars erupted through portions of pre-existing Afton series. The Afton flows may be a fissure-emplaced upon which the Gardner cones were made. Aden is a shield site of many tube-fed lavas with explosive characteristics.</p><br>
<p>The Western alignment affects The Western Potrillo Mountains, a cavalcade of hundreds of coalescing cones and flows formed upon older, thick platform was the result from possibly fissure-fed stacked flows. Also within the western area are several maars: Riley, Malpais, and Potrillo. Potrillo maar is included with the western alignment due to its position west of the East Robledo fault.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanology II</h2><br>
<p>A maar is a low relief volcanic crater produced by the interaction of rising magma and ground water and the product is shallow explosive eruptions. What happens is the heating and boiling of ground water when magma invades the ground water table and the explosions blast up through the surface. The result is a crater that looks similar to a hole that is often filled with water to form a lake. The range in size is from 60 to 2000 m across and form 10 to 200 m. There are maars in western USA, in the Eifel region of Germany and in geologically young volcanic region of the world, one of them is Hunt’s Hole and Kilbourne Hole located in Potrillo volcanic field, in Dona Ana New Mexico close to El Paso Texas. There are five maars in the Potrillo volcanic field.</p><br>
<p>A cinder cone also known as scoria cone, is a steep, conical hill formed on top of a vent. The cinder cones often occur in groups usually on the sides and around the shield volcanoes and the strato volcanoes. They are formed form lava fragments called cinders, it is magma that is glassy and has hundreds of gas bubbles that are frozen, it cools quickly after it is ejected into the air. The lava is expelled from the vent and formed around the vent when they fall back after it is ejected. Cinder cones are approximately 250 m height and 500 m in diameter.</p><br>
<p>The Potrillo volcanic field covers approximately 4,600 km&sup2; of Doña Ana County. It is a monogenetic volcanic field that can be divided in three volcanic regions; the West Potrillo Field that consists of more than 100 Cinder Cones, two maar volcanoes and associated flows that covers approximately 1,250 km&sup2;. The Aden–Afton field has a number of young flows, three cinder cones and three maar volcanoes, one of them is the Kilbourne Hole; Aden-Afton Field is approximately 230 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Aden Crater is a small shield cone, and it is the most unusual feature in the volcanic field because it has a lava tube, where a ground sloth skeleton was found. It is 11,000 years old, and is now at Yale&#39;s Peabody Museum of Natural History. This ground sloth (Nothrotheriops shastense) is one of the few specimens of this age which have been found with patches of skin and hair preserved.</p><br>
<p>Black Mountains–Santo Tomas is made up of basalt, it consists of four different eruptive centers near the Rio Grande. The West Potrillo field is the oldest part of the Potrillo volcanic field.</p><br>
<p>The Potrillo volcanic field has two important xenolith localities that are Kilbourne Hole and Potrillo maar where mantle peridotites, feldspathic granulites and kaersutite occur. Alkali feldspar, olivine and basalt were erupted during the middle and late quaternary. Rock samples collected in the northern part of the pyroclastic deposit of the Potrillo maar, and lava associated with a cinder cone yielded potassium–argon ages, approximately 1.29 and 1.18 million years. The magmatism is entirely basaltic forming scattered scoria cones. Several short lava flows were originated from each cone. There is a diverse rock types beneath the Potrillo volcanics, the range is from Proterozoic granites through a Phanerozoic sedimentary succession to basalt-andesite volcanics of the southern fringes of the Sierra de las Uvas volcanic field. The Potrillo area is generally classified as part of the southern Rio Grande rift and shows the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of that structure.</p><br>
<h2>Structural geology</h2><br>
<p>The structural geology of the East Potrillo Mountains was defined during three main periods:</p><br>
<p>Laramide</p><br>
<p>Middle Cenozoic</p><br>
<p>Late Cenozoic</p><br>
<p>During the Laramide, the thrust faults were overturned due to compression (Late Cretaceous – Early Cenozoic).</p><br>
<p>Deformation occurred during the Middle Cenozoic, and it is believed it involved either northeast or north-south extension (in the Rio Grande Rift). The system of low angle normal faults that resulted were closely spaced and consequently cut the Laramide structures. The extensional tectonics continued throughout the Middle Cenozoic.</p><br>
<p>Finally, during the Late Cenozoic tectonic uplift took place as a result of movement on high angle normal faults.</p><br>
<h2>Isotope geochemistry</h2><br>
<p>Potrillo volcanic field contains alkaline basanitic lavas and cinder cones in the southernmost New Mexico. La Mesa is a surface which formed between 900 and 700 Ka, which holds the lavas in the central and eastern region of the field. There are three separate eruptive centers; Afton eruptive center which resides directly against La Mesa central province, the Aden complex which is a crater that lies above the Afton flows, lastly the Black Mountain, which is adjacent to a series of cinder cones. When performing He surface exposure dating, the upper 3 cm of flow surfaces is sufficient enough for collecting samples desired. It is essential to collect samples with primarily display flow features, such as spatter, flow lineation, and cooling rinds.</p><br>
<p>He surface dating is a technique that is optimal when working with well preserved young surface lavas (&lt;700 ka).</p><br>
<p>By measuring cosmogenic isotopes, scientists are able to gain insight into a range of geological and astronomical processes. There are both radioactive and stable cosmogenic isotopes. This assumes ⁴He released by heating is due to magmatic component with a helium isotopic composition which seems to be a reasonable assumption for a low uranium olivine. Ne concentrations monitor assumption that He belongs to the magmatic component. Ne has 3 isotopes: Ne, Ne, and Ne. Ne is dominated by the magmatic component. Ne has a cosmogenic contribution.</p><br>
<h2>Cinder cone morphology</h2><br>
<p>The current morphology of the Potrillo volcanic field consists of over 100 cinder cones within the area of the Rio Grande Rift in southern New Mexico. The most recent age dating study revealed the age to be from 1 million to 20,000 years old. It is a 50 km&sup2; field in S.E. Doña Ana County, NM.</p><br>
<p>There are 3 groups of slope angles</p><br>
<p>Group 1: age of around 250 Ka years old.</p><br>
<p>Group 2: age of around 125 Ka years old.</p><br>
<p>Group 3: age of around 60 Ka years old.</p><br>
<p>This process of grouping was done by He surface exposure dating and Ar/Ar dating. The new morphologic dating methods suggest that cinder cone formation in the Potrillo volcanic field may have occurred at different intervals and that the field may be currently developing new cinder cones. The cinder cone slope distribution in the Potrillo volcanic field suggests that volcanism occurred at different time intervals. In addition, trend line analysis provides a powerful and useful tool for predicting cinder cone ages in the Potrillo volcanic field. This area has arid climate & cone degradation is a product of mechanical weathering.</p><br>
<p>The age-angle relationship is quantitatively modeled by diffusion equations, like Comparison of He to Ar/Ar, and by overlapping DRG digital elevation models, digital topographic maps DEM. The formula angle=tan(height/radius) was used to obtain the angles. The overall comparison of all groups in the south west region extending from New Mexico to Mexico are used for the dating and comparison of age but the climate, and terrain conditions are looked to see the weathering conditions.</p><br>
<h2>Fault scarps</h2><br>
<p>The approximate age of the East Potrillo’s faulting is estimated to be around 57,000 to 377,000 years. The age of the faulting was determined by the utilization of three different processes that show similar results on the dates of the faulting on the east Potrillo mountains that is caused by the Rio Grande rift. The first method to determine age was the scarp heightslope-angle relationship created by Buckman and Anderson in 1979. The maximum scarp angle increases approximately linearly with the logarithm of the scarp height. In other terms, plotting the maximum height of a slope versus the maximum slope angle allows the age of the fault to be estimated; since the shallower the angle is the older the fault scarp becomes.</p><br>
<p>The second method used was the linear-plus-cubic diffusion, which is a model of fault scarping. This method uses the diffusive process on hill slopes, such as rain-splash and wind erosion, that move sediment down hill. t=t’(SO)*2/k (0). The last method used to date the faulting was the morphologic dating without numerical model. Such a technique requires that down slope debris instability is a timedependent function of slope angle, in units of volume per time per length of contour (Nash, 2005). The scarp ages can be determined based on the relationship Ta/Tb=H*-2 b / H-2 b From the first method we can conclude that there were at least five seismic events that did not occur at the same time. From method two we can say than the faulting ages between 57ka to 377ka with surface offset of 11.2m that had a magnitude of 6-7 earthquakes. Finally the third method of dating concludes that the relative ages of the east Potrillo fault scarps ranges form 153,000 to 239,000.</p><br>
<h2>Peridotite xenoliths</h2><br>
<p>Kilbourne Hole xenoliths are divided according to their textures into:</p><br>
<p>fine grained lherzolite</p><br>
<p>protogranular to porphyroclastic lherzolite</p><br>
<p>porphyroclastic olivine-rich peridotite</p><br>
<p>*Age: Middle-late Quaternary: 1-Ma – 8-ka</p><br>
<p>*Temperatures: Equigranular 978-984 C, lherzolite 1020-1044 C, olivine-rich 1052-1184 C</p><br>
<p>*Xenoliths were derived from 35 to 70 km deep</p><br>
<p>*Calculated P-wave velocities for Peridotite range from 7.75 km/s to 7.89 km/s</p><br>
<p>*Rio Grande Rift P-wave velocities range from 7.6 km/s to 7.8 km/s</p><br>
<h2>Pyroxenites</h2><br>
<p>A pyroxenite is defined as an ultra mafic rock that is composed of by and large of minerals of the pyroxene group for example enstatite, bronzite or diopside and are sorted into clinopyroxenite, orthopyroxenite and the websterites. Pyroxenites have been located as layers inside large masses of peridotite. These pyroxenite layers have come to be inferred as a yield of the reaction between rising magmas and peridotite of the upper mantle. The Southern Rio Grande Rift, including the Portrillo volcanic field, is an area where pyroxenites are most prevalent. Pyroxenites are generally coupled with zones of extension implying that there is a correlation between asthenospheric outpouring and invasive growth of mantle pyroxenites. The methods by which pyroxenites are formed is somewhat undefined. Pyroxenites may possibly represent preserved remnants of Farallon (oceanic) plate that subducted under the North American plate and mixed with mantle melts and created the xenoliths that have surfaced in Kilbourne Hole and Potrillo Maar. However others suggest that they could be cumulates derived from alkali basaltic pyroxenite samples continue to preserve a more widespread reaction which is specifically helpful in examining the thermal and chemical alteration of the Rio Grande rifting. More evidence showing this rock contact and with melt deep in the mantle is that primary mantle carbonates are present in many of the pyroxenites found in the Rio Grande Rift magmas or primary melt compositions that crystallized in the upper mantle.</p><br>
<h2>Geophysics</h2><br>
<p>Recently, velocity data was acquired using both reflected and refracted arrivals. This data has shown that the upper 5 km of the crust beneath the Portillo volcanic field (PVF) is characterized by alternating regions of low and high velocities of 2.5-3.7 km/s and 3.5-4.3 km/s, respectively. The velocities increase with depth to approximately 6.0 km/s at 10 km, 6.5 km/s at 16 km, and they increase sharply from 6.9 to 8.0 km/s between 28 and 38 km.</p><br>
<p>The low crust of the PVF consists of a single density of 2880 kg/m. The upper to middle crust (between 5 km and 20 km) of the PVF has a block with a density of 2740 kg/m. The density at 11 to 15 km of depth is 2880 kg/m. This body is a mid-crustal “welt” and velocities within this region increase up to and greater than 6.35 km/s. This greater density creates a lateral density contrast and in turn generates long-wavelength gravity high. The upper mantle densities at the PVF are decreased from 3280 to 3250 kg/m. Evidence of this can be supported by the west to east decrease in velocities from approximately 7.96 to 7.70 km/s.</p><br>
<p>Coyote Hill and the West Portillo mountains make up the western portion of the PVF, with region velocities in this uplift from 4.5 km/s to over 6.0 km/s at the depth of 2.5 km. To the east is the Malpais basin and velocities within this basin range from 1.68 km/s to 4.86 km/s at a depth of approximately 3 km. The Mesilla basin is an asymmetric basin that adjoins the eastern edge of the PVF and extends on to the western flank of the Franklin mountain uplift. At a depth of about 1.5 km the velocities in the western area range from approximately 2.4 km/s to 4.0 km/s at a depth of about 1.5 km.</p><br>
<p>There is increased seismic reflectivity within the crust and at the Moho interface concentrated below the PVF. The mid-crustal shows reflectivity increases between 40 and offset; mid-crustal reflectivity is present between 4 and 6 seconds, reduced time.</p><br>
<h2>Notable vents</h2><br>
<p>Baldwin Lake is a 2,018 acre reservoir which spans part of the border between Randolph County, Illinois and St. Clair County, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The lake is part of the Kaskaskia River State Fish and Wildlife Area, near 38&deg;13&prime;03&Prime;N latitude, 089&deg;52&prime;09&Prime;W longitude Elevation: 430 ft,</p><br>
<p>operated by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, and it is adjacent to, but not part of, the Kaskaskia River. Its elevation may fluctuate with powerplant operations, but averages 423 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>An engineering feat</h2><br>
<p>While most artificial lakes in Illinois are reservoirs created by damming a river or creek, Baldwin Lake is different. It is a purpose-built cooling pond created by building an 8 mi levee,</p><br>
<p>near 38&deg;12&prime;36&Prime;N latitude, 089&deg;52&prime;36&Prime;W longitude Elevation: 423 ft,</p><br>
<p>around a patch of Kaskaskia River bottomland and dredging out sections of the area inside the levee. Its official definition is that it is a perched cooling lake. Most of the lake is relatively shallow, with an average depth of 8 ft, but the lake has "holes" that are 50 ft or more in depth. From the air, Baldwin Lake lacks the convoluted shape of many reservoirs. The lake&#39;s water surface is the shape of a rectangle.</p><br>
<p>Baldwin Lake was built by the Illinois Power Company as a cooling pond for its coal-fired Baldwin Generating Station, so called because the nearest town is Baldwin, Illinois. The Baldwin area sits atop a large seam of Illinois coal. The lake was begun in 1967, and completed and filled in 1970. Few if any tributaries naturally flow into Baldwin Lake, and the lake is filled by water pumped from the nearby Kaskaskia River, supplemented by natural precipitation onto the surface of the lake.</p><br>
<p>With the Baldwin Station, Baldwin Lake has changed hands several times since its construction as a result of corporate takeover activity. The lake and generating plant were acquired by the Dynegy energy holding company in 1999. Soon afterwards, the station ceased to burn Illinois coal, instead burning low-sulfur coal from Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>As of 2007, the Baldwin Station complex employs 169 workers and is capable of generating up to 1,750 megawatts of power. The large coal-fired boilers at Baldwin require as much as 10 e6USgal of water per day to operate. Some of this water escapes as steam, and the rest is returned, heated, to the lake.</p><br>
<h2>The lake today</h2><br>
<p>While Dynegy continues to own Baldwin Lake, they have transferred the operating rights over much of the lake (except that part closest to the power plant, which is closed to the public for security reasons) to the state of Illinois, which manages the lake for sport fishing. As with many power plant lakes, the lake is stocked with fish that are tolerant of the warm waters discharged from the power plant&#39;s boilers, such as largemouth bass and crappie.</p><br>
<p>Migratory bird species welcome the always-warm waters of Baldwin Lake, with peak populations of 20,000 ducks and 10,000 Canada geese noted. Approximately 200 geese live in and around the lake year-round. The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) considers the water quality of Baldwin Lake to be "fair," as is the water quality in the lower Kaskaskia River where most of the water in the lake came from.</p><br>
<p>The state of Illinois enforces a power limit on the lake, with allowable boat motors limited to no more than 50 hp.</p><br>
<p>Baldwin Lake is accessed from Illinois Route 154, which passes through the nearby towns of Baldwin, Sparta, and Red Bud.</p><br>
<p>As of 2007, Dynegy has applied for permission to expand the Baldwin Lake complex by 1,500 megawatts. If expanded, the complex would generate 3,250 megawatts.</p><br>
<p>A significant spill of untreated wastewater from the Dynegy Midwest plant into Baldwin Lake was disclosed in February 2015. As a result, the state&#39;s Department of Natural Resources temporarily closed the Kaskaskia River State Fish and Wildlife Area to the public on February 4, 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Crescent Hill Branch Library, constructed in 1908 in Louisville, Kentucky, was one of the first of nine Carnegie-endowed libraries built in Louisville, and is a branch of the Louisville Free Public Library. The building has a Beaux-Arts architecture style created by the Thomas & Bohne architect firm. The west side of the library was added in 1961 and the entire library was renovated in 1988. It was added to the National Register of Historical Places in 1981 for its architectural significance and the educational impact on the community up to 1924.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>In 1988 the library began its renovation process and didn&#39;t reopen to the public until March 24, 1994 with a gala reception. During the renovation progress, library materials were stored at the Masonic Home on Frankfort Avenue and remained available for use by the public.</p><br>
<h2>Public relations</h2><br>
<p>The library has a longstanding relationship with the community. Sallie T. Berryman, the second librarian, began in 1909 and stayed for 30 years. She started the first story hour, night classes, boys and girls clubs, a child health clinic, and two groups that would become the Crescent Hill Women&#39;s Club. In 1922 a memorial was created Crescent Hill residents that died in World War I. The library also has public Wi-Fi available.</p><br>
<p>Madain Saleh , also called "Al-Hijr" or "Hegra", is an archaeological site located in the Sector of Al-`Ula within the Province of Al-Madinah, the Hejaz, Saudi Arabia. A majority of the remains date from the Nabatean kingdom . The site constitutes the kingdoms southernmost and largest settlement after Petra, its capital. Traces of Lihyanite and Roman occupation before and after the Nabatean rule, respectively, can also be found.</p><br>
<p>The Qur’an places settlement of the area by the Thamudi people during the days of Saleh, between those of Nuh (Noah) and Hud on one hand, and those of Ibrahim (Abraham) and Musa (Moses) on the other. According to the Islamic text, the Thamudis were punished by Allah for their practice of idol worship, being struck by an earthquake and lightning blasts. Thus, the site has earned a reputation as a cursed place &mdash; an image which the national government is attempting to overcome as it seeks to develop Mada&#39;in Saleh for its potential for tourism.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 UNESCO proclaimed Madaʼin Saleh as a site of patrimony, becoming Saudi Arabia&#39;s first World Heritage Site. It was chosen for its well-preserved remains from late antiquity, especially the 131 rock-cut monumental tombs, with their elaborately ornamented façades, of the Nabatean kingdom.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Its long history and the multitude of cultures occupying the site have produced several names. References by Strabo and other Mediterranean writers use the name Hegra for the Nabatean site. The current name refers to the Islamic Nabi (نَـبِي, Prophet) Salih. The name Al-Hijr (الحجر, "The Stoneland" or "The Rocky Place"), has also been used to allude to its topography.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological site of Mada’in Saleh is situated 20 km (12.4 mi) north of the town of Al-`Ula, 400 km (248.5 mi) north-west of Medina, and 500 km (310.7 mi) south-east of Petra, Jordan. The site is on a plain, at the foot of a basalt plateau, which forms a portion of the Hijaz mountains. The western and north-western portions of the site contain a water table that can be reached at a depth of 20 m (65.6 ft). The setting is notable for its desert landscape, marked by sandstone outcrops of various sizes and heights.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Era of Salih and Thamud</h3><br>
<p>According to Islamic tradition, by the 3rd millennium BC, the site of Al-Hijr had already been settled by the tribe of Thamud, Salih, to whom the sites name of "Madaʼin Salih" is often attributed, called the Thamudis to repent. The Thamudis disregarded the warning and instead commanded Saleh to summon a pregnant she-camel from the back of a mountain. And so, a pregnant she-camel was sent to the people from the back of the mountain by Allah, as proof of Salehs divine mission. However, only a minority heeded his words. The non-believers killed the sacred camel instead of caring for it as they were told, and its calf ran back to the mountain where it had come from, screaming. The Thamudis were given three days before their punishment was to take place, since they disbelieved and did not heed the warning. Saleh and his Monotheistic followers left the city, but the others were punished by Allah &mdash;their souls leaving their lifeless bodies in the midst of an earthquake and lightning blasts.</p><br>
<h3>Lihyan era</h3><br>
<p>Archaeological traces of cave art on the sandstones and epigraphic inscriptions, considered by experts to be Lihyanite script, on top of the Athleb Mountain, near Mada’in Saleh, have been dated to the 3rd&ndash;2nd century BC, indicating the early human settlement of the area, which has an accessible source of freshwater and fertile soil. The settlement of the Lihyans became a center of commerce, with goods from the east, north and south converging in the locality.</p><br>
<h3>Nabatean era</h3><br>
<p>The extensive settlement of the site took place during the 1st century AD, when it came under the rule of the Nabatean king Aretas IV Philopatris (Al-Harith IV) (9 BC &ndash;40 AD), who made Mada’in Saleh the kingdom&#39;s second capital, after Petra in the north. The place enjoyed a huge urbanization movement, turning it into a city. Characteristic of Nabatean rock-cut architecture, the geology of Mada’in Saleh provided the perfect medium for the carving of monumental and settlements, with Nabatean scripts inscribed on their façades. The Nabateans also developed oasis agriculture&mdash;digging wells and rainwater tanks in the rock and carving places of worship in the sandstone outcrops. Similar structures were featured in other Nabatean settlements, ranging from southern Syria (region) to the north, going south to the Negev, and down to the immediate area of the Hejaz. The most prominent and the largest of these is Petra.</p><br>
<p>At the crossroad of commerce, the Nabatean kingdom flourished, holding a monopoly for the trade of incense, myrrh and spices. Situated on the overland caravan route and connected to the Red Sea port of Egra Kome, Mada’in Saleh, then referred to as Hegra among the Nabateans, reached its peak as the major staging post on the main north–south trade route.</p><br>
<h3>Roman era</h3><br>
<p>In 106 AD, the Nabatean kingdom was annexed by the contemporary Roman Empire.</p><br>
<p>The Hejaz, which encompasses Hegra, became part of the Roman province of Arabia.</p><br>
<p>The trading itinerary shifted from the overland north–south axis on the Arabian Peninsula to the maritime route through the Red Sea. Thus, Hegra as a center of trade began to decline, leading to its abandonment. Supported by the lack of later developments based on archaeological studies, experts have hypothesized that the site had lost all of its urban functions beginning in the late Antiquity (mainly due to the process of desertification). Recently evidence has been discovered that the Roman legions of Trajan occupied Mada’in Salih in northeastern Arabia, increasing the extension of the "Arabia Petraea" province of the Romans in Arabia.</p><br>
<p>The history of Hegra, from the decline of the Roman Empire until the emergence of Islam in the days of Muhammad, remains unknown. It was only sporadically mentioned by travelers and pilgrims making their way to Mecca in the succeeding centuries. Hegra served as a station along the Hajj route, providing supplies and water for pilgrims. Among the accounts is a description made by 14th-century traveler Ibn Battuta, noting the red stone-cut tombs of Hegra, by then known as "al-Hijr." However, he made no mention of human activities there.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman era</h3><br>
<p>The Ottoman Empire annexed western Arabia from the Mamluks by 1517. It is again mentioned by the traveler Murtada ibn Alawan as a rest stop on the route called "al-Mada’in." Between 1744 and 1757, a fort was built at al-Hijr on the orders of the Ottoman governor of Damascus, Asad Pasha al-Azm. A cistern supplied by a large well within the fort was also built, and the site served as a one-day stop for Hajj pilgrims where they could purchase goods such as dates, lemons and oranges. It was part of a series of fortifications built to protect the pilgrimage route to Mecca.</p><br>
<h4>19th Century</h4><br>
<p>Following the discovery of Petra by the Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812, Charles Montagu Doughty, an English traveler, heard of a similar site near Mada&#39;in Saleh, a fortified Ottoman town on the Hajj road from Damascus. In order to access the site, Doughty joined the Hajj caravan, and reached the site of the ruins in 1876, recording the visit in his journal which was published as Travels in Arabia Deserta. Doughty described the Ottoman fort, where he resided for two months, and noted that Bedouin tribesmen had a permanent encampment just outside of the building.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th Century, there were accounts that the extant wells and oasis agriculture of al-Hijr were being periodically used by settlers from the nearby village of Tayma. This continued until the 20th century, when the Hejaz Railway that passed through the site was constructed (1901&ndash;08) on the orders of Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II to link Damascus and Jerusalem in the north-west with Medina and Mecca, hence facilitating the pilgrimage journey to the latter and to politically and economically consolidate the Ottoman administration of the centers of Islamic faith. A station was built north of al-Hijr for the maintenance of locomotives, and offices and dormitories for railroad staff. The railway provided greater accessibility to the site. However, this was destroyed in a local revolt during World War I. Despite this, several archaeological investigations continued to be conducted in the site beginning in the World War I period to the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the 1930s up to the 1960s. The railway station has also been restored and now includes 16 buildings and several pieces of rolling stock.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 1960s, the Saudi Arabian government devised a program to introduce a sedentary lifestyle to the nomadic Bedouin tribes inhabiting the area. It was proposed that they settle down on al-Hijr, re-using the already existent wells and agricultural features of the site. However, the official identification of al-Hijr as an archaeological site in 1972 led to the resettlement of the Bedouins towards the north, beyond the site boundary. This also included the development of new agricultural land and freshly dug wells, thereby preserving the state of al-Hijr.</p><br>
<h2>Current development</h2><br>
<p>Although the Al-Hijr site was proclaimed as an archaeological treasure in the early 1970s, few investigations had been conducted since. The prohibition on the veneration of objects/artifacts has only resulted in minimal low-key archaeological activities. These conservative measures have started to ease up beginning in 2000, when Saudi Arabia invited expeditions to carry out archaeological explorations, as part of the government&#39;s push to promote cultural heritage protection and tourism. The archaeological site was proclaimed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Nabatean site of Hegra was built around a residential zone and its oasis during the 1st century AD. many with inscribed Nabatean epigraphs on their façades:</p><br>
<p>Non-monumental burial sites, totaling 2,000, are also part of the place. A closer observation of the façades indicates the social status of the buried person&mdash;the size and ornamentation of the structure reflect the wealth of the person. Some façades had plates on top of the entrances providing information about the grave owners, the religious system, and the masons who carved them. Many graves indicate military ranks, leading archaeologists to speculate that the site might have once been a Nabatean military base, meant to protect the settlement&#39;s trading activities.</p><br>
<p>The Nabatean kingdom was not just situated at the crossroad of trade but also of culture. This is reflected in the varying motifs of the façade decorations, borrowing stylistic elements from Assyria, Phoenicia, Egypt and Hellenistic Alexandria, combined with the native artistic style. Roman decorations and Latin scripts also figured on the troglodytic tombs when the territory was annexed by the Roman Empire. In contrast to the elaborate exteriors, the interiors of the rock-cut structures are severe and plain.</p><br>
<p>A religious area, known as "Jabal Ithlib," is located to the north-east of the site. It is believed to have been originally dedicated to the Nabatean deity Dushara. A narrow corridor, 40 m long between the high rocks and reminiscent of the Siq in Petra, leads to the hall of the Diwan, a Muslim&#39;s council-chamber or law-court. Small religious sanctuaries bearing inscriptions were also cut into the rock in the vicinity.</p><br>
<p>The residential area is located on the middle of the plain, far from the outcrops. The primary material of construction for the houses and the enclosing wall was sun-dried mudbrick. Few vestiges of the residential area remain.</p><br>
<p>Water is supplied by 130 wells, situated in the western and north-western part of the site, where the water table was at a depth of only 20 m (65.6 ft). The wells, with diameters ranging 4&ndash;7 m (13.1&ndash;23.0 ft), were cut into the rock, although some, dug in loose ground, had to be reinforced with sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>Importance</h2><br>
<p>Al-Hijr Archaeological Site lies in an arid environment. The dry climate, the lack of resettlement after the site was abandoned, and the prevailing local beliefs about the locality have all led to the extraordinary state of preservation of Al-Hijr, Al-Hijrs oasis agriculture and extant wells exhibit the necessary adaptations made by the Nabateans in the given environment&mdash;its markedly distinct settlement is the second largest among the Nabatean kingdom, complementing that of the more famous Petra archaeological site in Jordan. The location of the site at the crossroads of trade, as well as the various languages, scripts and artistic styles reflected in the façades of its monumental tombs further set it apart from other archaeological sites. It has duly earned the nickname "The Capital of Monuments" among Saudi Arabias 4,000 archaeological sites.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Bend Wash area is a Superfund cleanup site in Scottsdale and Tempe, Arizona. It was declared a Superfund site in 1983 after industrial solvents were discovered to have contaminated the groundwater in an approximately 13 mi2 area. It is one of the largest EPA sites in terms of volume of groundwater treated, estimated at 61.3 e9USgal.</p><br>
<p>During the 1960s, it was typical for companies to dispose industrial solvents directly into the ground and into dry wells. In 1981, volatile organic compounds (VOC) were detected in Tempe and Scottsdale city wells, including trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and chloroform. The wells were shut down immediately, and the area was declared a Superfund site in 1983. Potentially responsible parties Motorola, Siemens, GlaxoSmithKline, along with several smaller companies, have paid for the approximately $100 million in cleanup costs. Cleanup has consisted of several stations that pump and treat groundwater.</p><br>
<p>The area consists of two cleanup sites, the North Indian Bend Wash (NIBW) Superfund site located in Scottsdale (approximately 8 square miles), and the South Indian Bend Wash (SIBW) Superfund site located in Tempe.</p><br>
<p>, trichloroethylene tainted water was released into the water supply of 1500 residents of Scottsdale by the Arizona American Water Company.</p><br>
<p>The Sands Ring Homestead Museum is a historic house located on Main Street in the Town of Cornwall, in Orange County, New York. It was built in 1760 by Nathaniel Sands for his cousin Comfort Sands. Comfort’s wife, however, did not want to leave her home on Long Island, so Nathaniel and his family moved in. In 1777, Nathaniel gave the house as a wedding present to his son David and his bride Clementine Hallock. David, a member of the Society of Friends, opened the house to the Quaker community as a meetinghouse until the Quaker Meeting House located at 60 Quaker Avenue opened in 1790. His son David established a store on the site. It was one of the first meeting places of the Cornwall Quakers. Today it is used as museum featuring Colonial-era activities.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It has been a Registered Historic Place since 1996.</p><br>
<p>Pleasure Island is a coastal island in Southeastern North Carolina, USA south of Wilmington. Most of the island is located within Federal Point Township, in New Hanover County, but its very southernmost tip extends into Smithville Township, in Brunswick County. The coastal towns of Carolina Beach and Kure Beach, as well as the annexed community of Wilmington Beach, are located on the island. The Atlantic Ocean lies on the islands east side, the Cape Fear River lies on the west, the north side is bordered by Snows Cut  and Carolina Beach Inlet. The southern end of the island was separated from Bald Head Island by Corncake Inlet until the inlet was shoaled and closed in 1998 by Hurricane Bonnie; thus, technically Pleasure Island and Bald Head Island are not separate islands. Prior to the 1930 completion of Snows Cut, the land that now forms Pleasure Island was in fact a peninsula known as Federal Point.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h2>Military</h2><br>
<p>Found on the island is the eastern side of the Sunny Point Army Terminal, Carolina Beach State Park, and Fort Fisher. USA Highway 421 is the only route on the island, and provides the only bridge access. A ferry at US 421&#39;s southern terminus connects Pleasure Island to Southport at North Carolina Highway 211.</p><br>
<p>The Island Gazette is a local newspaper that serves the island communities.</p><br>
<h2>Points of Interest</h2><br>
<p>Fort Fisher State Recreation Area</p><br>
<p>North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher</p><br>
<p>Carolina Beach State Park</p><br>
<p>Walrus Pit</p><br>
<p>The Swan&#39;s Landing Archeological Site is an archaeological site from the Early Archaic period in Harrison County, Indiana, United States. Located along the Ohio River, it has been extensively damaged by modern activity, but it is still one of the most important sites for its time period in North America. It has been designated a historic site because of its archaeological value.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Located along the Ohio River, the site is largely buried by as much as 6 m of alluvium deposited by the river. It sits at Mile 658 in the rivers floodplain, about 3.5 km north of the town of New Amsterdam, and about 6 km above the confluence of the Blue River. Measuring about 5 hectare in area, its name is taken from the areas former use by the Swan family as a landing for riverboats along the Ohio. Nearby terrain features include a dirt road at the sites southern end, a large pond just a stones throw to the south, and the mouth of Indian Creek about 1,800 m south of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Damage</h2><br>
<p>Local residents became aware of the site by the early 1960s, at which time collectors were finding projectile points on the beach; however, it was first published in 1982. Between these years, the site was greatly damaged by human activity: some intentionally, and some unintentionally. Realizing that large numbers of artifacts were buried under the soil, some individuals began to dig with shovels on the side of the alluvial deposits, while others brought high-pressure hoses to wash away the top of the deposits. By the time that professional archaeologists discovered the site in the early 1980s, extensive vandalism had removed large amounts of soil and large numbers of artifacts. Moreover, changes in 1974 to the management of the Cannelton Locks and Dam, downstream from the site, caused the water level to rise, eroding the riverbank rapidly. By the mid-1990s, the riverbank had eroded more than 20 m from its previous location.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>In the summer of 1986, an archaeological survey was conducted at the site to determine if the site were eligible to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This was done by the Glenn Black Laboratory of Archaeology at Indiana University with financing from the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<p>Professional surveys in the 1980s revealed a long line of archaeological deposits that was strung out along the riverbank for at least 500 m. Types of artifacts found at the site include Kirk cluster projectile points from the Early Archaic period, various types of scrapers, hammerstones, large celts, bifaces, and many other kinds of stone tools. Most of these tools were composed of Wyandotte chert, a high-quality stone that is more plentiful in Harrison County and surrounding regions than anywhere else in the world. Charcoal was present at the site in abundance, along with multiple hearths; the lack of damage to the stones at the site has been taken as an indication that the inhabitants were capable of constructing wood fires with good aeration. Their fires were not composed exclusively of wood: evidence exists that they employed coal, oil shale, and perhaps manganese dioxide as fuel. Artifacts recovered through test excavations were subjected to radiocarbon dating, which produced a wide range of dates: because some artifacts were dated as much as eight thousand years before others, and because many dates were either too ancient or too recent for the Archaic period that produced the characteristic projectile points found at the site, it is plain that the results were flawed in some way.</p><br>
<h2>Findings</h2><br>
<p>The massive numbers of stone tools recovered at Swans Landing indicate that the site was employed as a factory for stone tools from nearby stone outcrops. Some tools were produced at the site, and many blanks were also produced there for reduction at other locations. Because virtually all stone tools found at the site are made of local Wyandotte chert, it seems that the people who frequented the site neither travelled afar nor traded stone with other peoples. Swans Landing appears to have been used by skilled craftsmen: the wide range of tools suggests that the workers were highly specialized. Multiple tribes may have frequented the site; one scholar has proposed that it functioned as a trading post between different peoples. With little evidence of daily life, the site may have been used typically by groups that camped there for short periods of time. The reason for the site&#39;s abandonment appears to have been that its users found nearby areas that were more appealing for their industrial purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1987, Swans Landing was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its archaeological significance. Other manufacturing and reduction sites from the Early Archaic period are known elsewhere in the country, such as the twin Houserville and Tudek Sites in central Pennsylvania, and the artifacts suggest that the people who worked at Swans Landing were similar to those who lived at the St. Albans Site in West Virginia and Icehouse Bottom in Tennessee. Regardless of its similarities to these sites, and despite extensive vandalism, the amount of information remaining at Swan&#39;s Landing makes it one of the leading Early Archaic sites throughout eastern North America.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Kinka, also known as Kinkazan, is located in the heart of the city of Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, and rises to a height of 329 m. Previously called Mt. Inaba , it has long served as the representative symbol of Gifu. It stands along the Nagara River, creating bountiful nature within the city. Though it is the most famous mountain in the city, Mount Dodo, to the north, is the tallest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First built by the Nikaidō family during the Kamakura period, Gifu Castle atop Mt. Kinka has gone through many forms, with the current building being constructed in 1956. One of its first major residents was Saitō Dōsan, who lived in the castle when it was still being called Inabayama Castle and the mountain was still called Mt. Inaba. The next resident of the castle, Oda Nobunaga, changed the castle&#39;s name at the same time that he changed the name of the surrounding town and the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The castle eventually fell into disrepair and vanished from Gifu&#39;s skyline. However, it was rebuilt in 1956 and that is the castle that still stands today. During reconstruction, tiles were carried to the top by volunteers. Those who helped were able to write messages on the roof tiles before they were put in place. Those who helped were able to experience what it was like when the castle was originally built many years before. From the top of the castle, visitors have a 360-degree view, effectively giving them a view to all the borders of the city of Gifu. Inside the castle are many artifacts from its past.</p><br>
<p>Centuries ago, the mountain was protected as a hunting ground for the Owari Clan, preserving the trees from being used to build the area as it grew from a small town to a large city. Today, the forest is designated as a national forest, giving protection to the over 700 types of plants and 80 types of birds that can be found on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the top of the mountain was renovated, adding lights and walkways to improve the ease of use to visitors of the castle. The new signs provide additional information about the castle and the surrounding structures, while the lights add to the allure of the castle&#39;s panoramic night viewing.</p><br>
<h2>Reaching the summit</h2><br>
<p>The other option for reaching the summit is by taking the Mt. Kinka Ropeway, which first opened in 1955.</p><br>
<h2>Summit attractions</h2><br>
<h2>Area attractions</h2><br>
<p>Additionally, there are many attractions at the base of Mt. Kinka.</p><br>
<p>Gifu City Museum of History</p><br>
<p>Gifu Park</p><br>
<p>Eizō & Tōichi Katō Memorial Art Museum</p><br>
<p>Inaba Shrine</p><br>
<p>Site of Oda Nobunaga&#39;s Former Residence, Senjō-jiki (千畳敷)</p><br>
<p>Nawa Insect Museum</p><br>
<p>In November 1945, Jackson Pollock and his wife Lee Krasner moved to what is now known as the Pollock-Krasner House and Studio in Springs in the town of East Hampton on Long Island, New York. The wood-frame house on 1.56 acre with a nearby barn is on Accobonac Creek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pollock and Krasner had visited friends nearby when they found this house for sale in 1945. The price was $5,000 and Peggy Guggenheim loaned them the $2,000 down payment in exchange for artwork</p><br>
<p>At first Pollock used an upstairs bedroom as a studio. In 1946, after moving the barn to improve the view from the house, Pollock started using that building as his studio. Krasner began using the bedroom as her studio. Pollocks brother had given him a large collection of square Masonite baseball game boards, and in 1953 Pollock used them to cover the floor of the house and studio. After Pollocks death, Krasner started using the barn as her studio.</p><br>
<p>After Krasner died, the property was given to the Stony Brook Foundation which is administered by State University of New York at Stony Brook. Conservators examined the house and studio. Underneath the Masonite squares, they discovered the original barn floor, covered in stray paint. The foundation schedules tours of the studio and house during the summer.</p><br>
<p>Part of the property was donated by Krasner to The Nature Conservancy in the 1970s. The surrounding Springs neighborhood is on the National Register of Historic Places. The house and studio was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The house and studio were used in the making of the biopic Pollock (2000), starring and directed by Ed Harris.</p><br>
<p>Shandy Hall is the name of a homestead museum located in Harpersfield, Ohio, owned and maintained by the Western Reserve Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The original rooms of Shandy Hall were built in 1815 by Col. Robert Harper, a son of Alexander Harper, namesake of the township and the first permanent settler in that area.</p><br>
<p>Considered the oldest frame residence in this section of the state, Shandy Hall eventually grew into an 18-room home, practically a mansion by frontier standards. Shandy Hall was named by Robert Harper&#39;s daughter, Ann, after her favorite book, Tristram Shandy. Her copy of the book remains at the museum to this day. Shandy Hall, together with many of its original antique furnishings, was donated to the Western Reserve Historical Society in the 1930s. Although a museum, the property does not have regular hours for public visits; tours are by appointment only. The majority of the pieces on display are original to the home.</p><br>
<p>The Lorado Taft Midway Studios are a historic artist studio complex at South Ingleside Avenue and East 60th Street, on the campus of the University of Chicago on the South Side of Chicago. The architecturally haphazard structure, originating as two converted barns and a Victorian house, was used from 1906 to 1929 as the studio of Lorado Taft , one of the most influential sculptors of the period. A National Historic Landmark, it now houses the university&#39;s visual arts department.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lorado Taft Midway Studio is a conglomeration of structures standing on the north side of the University of Chicago campus, on the west side of South Ingleside Avenue at East 60th Street. The northern end of the structure is a two-story Victorian house, from which a series of single-story sections extend southward, joining the house to adjacent two-story barn structures, one with a gabled roof and the other with a hip roof. Historically, these elements framed a courtyard that was open to the west, except for a fringing hedge and fence; this has since been filled by additional studio space. The interior is as rambling as the exterior, much of it composed of a warren of smaller studio spaces.</p><br>
<p>Lorado Taft was educated at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, receiving both a bachelors (1879) and masters degree (1880) in art. In the 1880s he continued his studies in Paris, and returned to Chicago in 1885, joining the faculty of the Chicago Art Institute in 1886. In 1906, Taft moved his main studio from the Chicago Loop to a brick barn near the Midway Plaisance. Later, he connected a pair of frame barns to the main building to serve as male and female dormitories. The structure was redesigned by the architectural firm of Pond and Pond to contain 13 studios for Taft and affiliated sculptors.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 21, 1965, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. It is one of the four Chicago Registered Historic Places from the original October 15, 1966 National Register of Historic Places list (along with Chicago Pile-1, Hull House & Robie House). On December 1, 1993, it was named a Chicago Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Today, the building is home to the university&#39;s Department of Visual Arts and Creative Writing program, and has been renovated to be classrooms, offices, and studios for students and faculty.</p><br>
<p>Pullman National Monument, also known as The Pullman District and Pullman Historic District, is located in Chicago and was the first model, planned industrial community in the United States. The district is significant for its historical origins in the Pullman Company, one of the most famous company towns in the United States, and scene of the violent 1894 Pullman strike. It was built for George Pullman as a place to produce the famous Pullman sleeping cars.</p><br>
<p>Located in what is now the Pullman community area of Chicago, the district includes the Pullman factory and also the Hotel Florence, named after George Pullman&#39;s daughter. Also within the district is the A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum, named for the prominent leader A. Philip Randolph, which recognizes and explores African American labor history. Parts of the site, in recent decades have been owned by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency prior to gifting them to the federal government. It was named a Chicago Landmark district on October 16, 1972.</p><br>
<p>Preservationists had hoped to extend the district to include Schlitz Row, but the taverns located there have been demolished. The district was named a National Monument on February 19, 2015, making it a component of the National Park System.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>George Pullman was born in Brocton, New York and studied engineering. By the 1850s, Chicago was emerging as a major city, but faced sanitation issues. Pullman designed a method to raise buildings, which allowed better drainage. This innovation led Pullman to great financial success. With this new-found wealth, Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company to manufacture sleeping cars in 1867. Through a focus on luxury and customer comfort, Pullman gained a large market share in the railroad car sector. The expensive cars were typically rented out to railroads with trained employees, many of whom were former house slaves recently freed by the Emancipation Proclamation.</p><br>
<p>Pullman was an early advocate of employee welfare in a city that was a hotbed for labor unrest in the 1870s. When a new factory was required to meet demand, Pullman was presented with an opportunity to integrate employee betterment with manufacturing efficiency. As land values were skyrocketing in the city proper, Pullman purchased 4,000 acre south of Chicago, between the Illinois Central Railroad line and Lake Calumet. He organized the Pullman Land Association to oversee non-manufacturing real estate and transferred all but 500 acre to its control.</p><br>
<p>Solon Spencer Beman was commissioned with the design of the company town buildings, including 1,300 housing units. Nathaniel Franklin Barrett was tasked with the layout and landscape design. Former Chicago superintendent of sewage Benzette Williams developed the utilities and drainage system. The project began in early 1880 and the first factory buildings were nearly completed by fall. Housing was mainly built as red brick rowhouses and featured indoor plumbing. The spacious accommodations were a significant improvement over the tenements that workers were used to. Architecture predominately evoked the Queen Anne style with Romanesque details.</p><br>
<p>The town was designed with the hope that other companies would want to relocate there. However, only Pullman subsidiaries and suppliers ever shared the campus. Additional housing was built north of the factories after the Union Foundry and Allen Paper Car Company moved their operations there. Beman designed simpler, cheaper housing for these largely unskilled employees. Pullman employees, by contrast, were largely young and skilled. Rents were set to provide a 6% profit to the company over construction costs. By 1883, the population of the community reached 8,000. The community was diverse: by 1885, less than half of the employees were American-born, but African Americans were not allowed to live on the premises. Women were employed by the Pullman Company to sew.</p><br>
<h2>Pullman Strike</h2><br>
<p>The City of Chicago annexed Pullman in 1889, though the Land Association maintained control of town management. The town was not the success that George Pullman envisioned; profits from rent never reached the six percent intended. Pullman was a popular attraction during the 1893 World&#39;s Columbian Exposition, as visitors came to see the unusual town advertised in the Transportation Building. However, the Panic of 1893 began that year, devastating the railroad industry. Demand for sleeping cars plummeted, so to maintain a profitable enterprise, Pullman lowered wages for employees. Rents, automatically deducted from paychecks, were not decreased.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the American Railway Union (ARU), led by Eugene V. Debs, formed in Chicago on June 20, 1893. Membership grew to 150,000, including many of the white workers of Pullman. Pullman employees attempted to use the union to leverage support for wage increases, but their pleas were ignored. On May 11, 1894, employees went on strike. Pullman leadership, however, had put itself in a financial position to withstand a short-term work stoppage as the nation recovered from the financial panic.</p><br>
<p>To combat this, the ARU launched a boycott on Pullman, where ARU would refuse to run trains with the cars. The extensive use of Pullman cars across the country further crippled the railroad industry and stymied rail traffic. The twenty-four Chicago railroads represented by the General Managers&#39; Association rallied together against the boycott. They used strikebreakers to replace striking workers and convinced lines to run Pullman cars with their mail cars. If strikers shut down lines with mail cars, the federal government would have to intervene as it threatened interstate commerce. Indeed, lines were closed and the government found the boycott in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act.</p><br>
<p>Thousands of USA Marshals and Army troops were deployed to Chicago to break the boycott. Fights between the workers and the military left dozens dead or injured. After ARU leaders, including Debs, were jailed, the strike and boycott were quelled. Some workers that renounced the union were allowed to return to work. Although the public was generally opposed to the boycott, the strike also tarnished the Pullman brand. Pullman died in 1897 and had his grave sealed in a block of concrete and steel to prevent desecration of his body.</p><br>
<h3>Aftermath</h3><br>
<p>The Pullman Strike changed the American labor landscape. It was an example of the power a union could have against an industry, but it also affirmed the right of the government to intervene against strikes, particularly after the Supreme Court upheld the actions in in re Debs (1895). The Illinois Supreme Court forced the Pullman Company to sell its non-industrial holdings in 1898 and residents were given the first option on purchasing their houses. Most of the land was sold off by 1907.</p><br>
<p>Under second president Robert Todd Lincoln, Pullman cars were converted to all-steel construction. This required a $5 million investment in remodeling the shops. Despite a brief labor strike in 1904, the Pullman Company restored its place as a leading railcar provider. However, the town never recovered its identity as a company town as employees moved to newer neighborhoods nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Agreement with Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</h2><br>
<p>Unionization of African American workers began in 1925, when the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was founded by A. Philip Randolph in New York City. Forty-four percent of the Pullman workforce was porters, making Pullman the nation&#39;s largest employer of African Americans. A landmark agreement was reached between the two parties in 1937, becoming the first major labor agreement between a company and an African American union. The NAACP lauded the contract and recognized it as an important step in African American Civil Rights.</p><br>
<h2>Competition and the end of rail</h2><br>
<p>The decline of rail usage in favor of cars and aviation led to the decline of the Pullman Company. After a major downsizing in the 1940s, the Pullman Company was largely closed by 1957. It officially ceased operations in 1969. The south wing of the factory and the erecting shops were later used by several steel companies.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<h3>Administration and factory complex</h3><br>
<p>The manufacturing center of Pullman, the Administration and Factory Complex were unusually ornate industrial buildings. They were designed to sit in a park-like setting, overlooking the artificial Lake Vista, which was a cooling reservoir for the Corliss steam engine. The buildings, several hundred feet long, were well-lit and ventilated. The main facade, mirrored in the lake, faced the Illinois Central tracks, and thus was one of the first buildings a visitor would see. Beman designed the structures with a linear manufacturing process in mind, making the factory an early adapter of the assembly line.</p><br>
<h3>Hotel Florence</h3><br>
<p>Hotel Florence, named for Pullman&#39;s daughter, was opened on November 1, 1881. Intended to showcase the town to visitors, the hotel featured fifty rooms and the only bar in the community. Built at a cost of $130,000, it grew to 23,000 ft&sup2; after an addition was constructed in 1914. A suite was kept for Pullman on the second floor for when he visited the factory. Each floor presented a different class of service, with the most opulent rooms on the second floor and more modest accommodations on the fourth. It recently completed an extensive rehabilitation, mainly of its first floor and basement. The annex has not been rehabilitated and is closed.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and rehabilitation</h2><br>
<p>A proposal in 1960 to demolish the community in favor of a new industrial park galvanized residents to form the Pullman Civic Organization (PCO) to support its preservation. The southern portion was locally recognized as a Chicago Landmark on October 16, 1972. A second Chicago Landmark, for the northern portion, was created in 1993, then merged into the other landmark in 1999. The PCO provided grants to help residents restore their houses, and a non-profit called the Historic Pullman Foundation purchased several key buildings for rehabilitation in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The State of Illinois purchased Hotel Florence and the Administration and Factory Complex in 1991 and incorporated it into a state historic site through the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. However, a 1998 arson destroyed much of the latter building before it could open to visitors. It is now in the process of reconstruction. President Barack Obama designated Pullman as a National Monument, thus a component of the NPS, on February 19, 2015. It became the first unit of the NPS in Chicago. In 2015, the National Park Foundation and the Chicago Chapter of the American Institute of Architects published a report on development for the park.</p><br>
<p>In 2017 the National Park Service approved a plan to restore the clock tower building and turn it into a visitors center. The plan also calls for reconstructing the main gateway between the factory and housing areas. However it will first be necessary to remove toxic soil from the site. The soil was contaminated by waste materials when the factory was in use.</p><br>
<h2>Interpretive programs</h2><br>
<p>Pullman National Monument partners with the non-profit 501(c)(3) American Passenger Rail Heritage Foundation to provide on-board educational programs for train passengers on the South Shore Line. On select Saturdays, Interpretive Guides with the APRHF Rail Rangers ride roundtrip between Millennium Station and South Bend Airport station to provide narration about the park and the other sites passengers see outside their window.</p><br>
<p>Kedarnath  and Kedarnath Dome  are two mountains in the Gangotri Group of peaks in the western Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand state, India. Kedarnath  lies on the main ridge that lies south of the Gangotri Glacier, and Kedarnath Dome, a subpeak of the main peak, lies on a spur projecting towards the glacier, two kilometres northwest of Kedarnath. They are at a distance 15 km south of the Hindu holy site of Gaumukh . Kedarnath is the highest peak on the south side of the Gangotri Glacier, and Kedarnath Dome is the third highest. Both peaks have relatively easy routes on their northwest sides, but the east face of Kedarnath Dome is a large, very difficult rock climb.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>Kedarnath and Kedarnath Dome were first climbed together, in 1947, by a Swiss team led by André Roch. Their route on Kedarnath Dome, the northwest flank, is still the standard route; it is straightforward and relatively low-angle, and is a popular ski ascent in the spring season. The east face of Kedarnath Dome was first climbed in 1989 by a Hungarian expedition led by Attila Ozsváth. Their climb involved "sixty pitches of very hard climbing."</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Sauer Castle was the residence of Anton Sauer. Sauer had married his wife Francesca in Vienna, Austria at age eighteen and a half. There, they had their five children: Gustave O.L., Anthony Philip Jr., Julius J., Emil, and Johanna.</p><br>
<p>In 1858, they decided to move to New York City to be with Antons mother and sisters that had already been there for some time. Due to his worsening case of tuberculosis and Francescas death in 1868, he decided to move his family to Kansas City.</p><br>
<p>After his business became successful, he began courting a young 28-year-old widow, Mary (Maria) Einhellig Messerschmidt, who had two daughters of her own: Anna and Maria. After marrying in 1869 they had five daughters (four survived to maturity): Eva Marie, Antoinette, Josephine (sometimes listed as Fosefa), and Clara. Daughter Helen (sometimes listed as Frances) died in infancy age 14 months.</p><br>
<p>By 1872 the mansion was finally fully furnished, sitting on the Shawnee Indian trail that was part of the old Santa Fe Trail that many wagons passed.</p><br>
<p>After Antons death on August 16, 1879 in the second floor master bedroom, Mary and the children continued living in the house, as did the children continue living there after Marys death in 1919. She committed suicide by hanging.</p><br>
<p>Daughter Eve Maria Sauer married William C. Van Fossen in the house, having one child named Helen before the marriage failed 18 months into it. She then married a widower with six children of his own, local Wyandotte County businessman and landowner, Mr. John S. Perkins. Together they had three children and stayed married until he committed suicide with a handgun at age 73, the reason being his declining health. Eve and John S. Perkins&#39; son John Harrison Perkins had an infant daughter drown in the swimming pool on the west side of the house. Eve continued to live in the family home with her son and two daughters, Eva Marie Perkins, and Marguerite A. Perkins, until her death in 1955.</p><br>
<p>Five generations of the Sauer family continued living in the mansion until the owner of a home heating oil company, Paul Berry, bought the house after Eve&#39;s death. He lived in the mansion until his own death in December 1986. Because of ghost stories originating in 1930, the house was constantly trespassed and vandalized, which Barry and his dog fought off themselves.</p><br>
<p>In January 1987, Bud Wyman, his son and daughter in law, Cliff and Cindy Jones, bought the home hoping to turn it into a bed and breakfast. At this time, no one lived in the house. In 1988, Carl Lopp, great, great grandson of Anthony Sauer, bought the house with the intention of fixing it up and residing there to keep it in the family. However, this has proved to be a difficult task for Lopp, and has only managed minor repairs such as fixing balconies and putting a large fence around the property.</p><br>
<p>Carl Lopp&#39;s hired caretaker of the house was charged with felony theft on August 15, 1996 for stealing 30 thousand dollars worth of artifacts from the house, including a tractor, dress, chandelier, copper from the furnace, and wall sconces.</p><br>
<p>There have been a number of ghost stories that can be disproved (such as the previous family all being murdered there by the father, who then continued to commit suicide) that keep people vandalizing the house, which keeps Lopp from receiving insurance money.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 935 Shawnee Road in Kansas City, Kansas. The architect is unknown but may have been Asa Beebe Cross. The home&#39;s design is an example of Italianate architecture. It was placed in the Kansas City, Kansas Historic Landmarks on January 29, 1987. It was placed in the Register of Historic Kansas Places on July 1, 1977. It was placed in the National Register of Historic Places: August 2, 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite is the location where, in the 1780s, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable located his home and trading post. The site of Point du Sable&#39;s home is now partially occupied by and commemorated in Pioneer Court at 401 N. Michigan Avenue in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Following Point du Sables departure from Chicago in 1800, the home became the property of John Kinzie. In 1834 the land owned by Kinzie was platted and sold. The "Kinzie addition" to Chicago, which is assumed to be coterminous with Point du Sables estate extended from the banks of the Chicago River north to Chicago Avenue, and from State Street east to Lake Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>Monument</h2><br>
<p>A commemorative plaque, struck in 1937, was installed on a marble block at Pioneer Court after its 1965 dedication. It reads, "KINZIE MANSION / Near this site stood Kinzie Mansion, / 1784-1832, home of Pointe Du Saible, / Le Mai, and John Kinzie, Chicagos / "first civilian," here was born in 1805, / the citys first white child Ellen Marion Kinzie". While the plaque is correct that Ellen Marion Kinzie was the first white child born in the city, Du Sable&#39;s granddaughter, Eulalie Pelletier, was the first non-Native to be born in the city, in 1796.</p><br>
<p>Pioneer Court was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and listed as a National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Chaukhamba is a mountain massif in the Gangotri Group of the Garhwal Himalaya. Its main summit, Chaukhamba I, is the highest peak in the group. It lies at the head of the Gangotri Glacier and forms the eastern anchor of the group. It is located in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, west of the Hindu holy town of Badrinath.</p><br>
<p>Chaukhamba has four summits, along a northeast-southwest trending ridge, and ranging in elevation from 7,138 m to 6,854 m with an average elevation 7,014 m; the main summit is at the northeast end.</p><br>
<p>After unsuccessful attempts in 1938 and 1939, Chaukhamba I was first climbed on 13 June 1952, by Lucien George and Victor Russenberger (Swiss members of an otherwise French expedition). They ascended the northeast face, from the Bhagirathi-Kharak Glacier.</p><br>
<p>Chaukhamba I is an ultra-prominent peak, with a prominence of more than 1,500m. Mana Pass is the key col for Chaukhamba I.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Baie Norvégienne is a small bay to the south east of the Péninsule Courbet, a vast peninsula constituting the north east quarter of the Kerguelen Islands in the Indian Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The southern part of bay is the northern coast of Prince de Galles Peninsula, a short, south-east extensionof Cap Suzanne. The western part digs as for it the Eastern coast of the peninsula which slips by towards Cap Ratmanoff, more in north.</p><br>
<p>In Baie Norvégienne, there is a small tidal island named Matley Island. It is the site of the grave of John Matley, who died on Kerguelen on 12 December 1810. He was the captain of the British sealing ship Duke of Portland. Duke of Portland, Captain James Clarke Spence, visited the island again in 1811-1812. Spence brought with him a gravestone, which Matley&#39;s widow had had made, and placed it on Matley&#39;s grave.</p><br>
<h2>Citations and references</h2><br>
<p>*Headland, R.K. (1989) Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events. (Cambridge University Press).</p><br>
<p>The A. Porter Davis Residence, also known as Castle Rock, is a historic house located at 852 Washington Boulevard in Kansas City, Kansas. The house was built in 1938 for Dr. A. Porter Davis, a prominent African-American physician. Davis began practicing medicine in Kansas City in 1913; as he could speak Spanish, he mainly focused on serving Mexican immigrants at first. In 1920, Davis founded a maternity hospital for unwed African-American women, a badly underserved patient population due to racial segregation. Davis later held several public health positions in Wyandotte County and became president of the National Medical Association in 1953. In addition to his medical career, Davis was one of the first African-Americans to obtain a pilot&#39;s license.</p><br>
<p>Architect Raymond J. Buschhusen designed the French Eclectic style house. The two-story house has an "L"-shaped plan and was built from rusticated limestone. A conical tower tops the front entrance, a key feature of the style. The second floor has several projecting wall dormers with steel casement windows.</p><br>
<p>The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 18, 2000. It is also listed on the Register of Historic Kansas Places and is a Kansas City, Kansas Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Mount Wilson is a mountain located in Addison County, Vermont, in the Green Mountain National Forest.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is part of the central Green Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mount Wilson is flanked to the southwest by Bread Loaf Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The southeast side of Mount Wilson drains into the headwaters of the White River, thence into the Connecticut River which drains into Long Island Sound in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The northeast end of Mt. Wilson drains into Clark Brook, thence into the White River.</p><br>
<p>The northwest side of Mt. Wilson drains into the headwaters of the New Haven River, thence into Otter Creek, Lake Champlain, Canada&#39;s Richelieu River, the Saint Lawrence River, and ultimately into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The Long Trail, a 272-mile (438 km) hiking trail running the length of Vermont, traverses the summit ridge of Mt. Wilson.</p><br>
<p>The Gruene Family Home is a Victorian-style house that was constructed in 1872. The Gruene Family Home, though not listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places, is a contributing property to Gruene Historic District, which was listed in 1975. Presently, the home operates as the Gruene Mansion Inn and Bed and Breakfast in the Gruene Community of New Braunfels, Texas.</p><br>
<p>One of several homes owned by the Gruene Family, the house was built of timber framed adobe by Henry Gruene, second son of Ernst and Antoinette Gruene, the original settlers. Henry purchased the farm, with house and outbuildings, from his brother Ernst, Jr., about 1878, when he returned from the longest trail ride in American history, having gone all the way to Canada. The oldest house in Gruene is across the street and Henry lived here for a time until he married and built the mansion. The entire town was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 due to the efforts of Cheryle Fuller, who did all of the historical research, including several hours of taped interviews with Henry Gruene, Jr., which she transcribed and submitted along with the historical survey. Henry Gruene, Jr. built the red brick house next door to this one, where he lived until selling the town and many other buildings to developers Rathgeber, West, Leach in 1974. Ernst, Jr. (b. 1855) lived in a now destroyed duplex across from his parents retirement home, which was the original farm house mentioned in the deed of 1872, and next to his nephew Henry Jr.s red brick home. Other homes built by Gruene family members were on Hunter road next to and across from the Mercantile Buildings. Reports of ghosts of the Gruene family in these buildings remains part of the local lore.</p><br>
